Abstract
The seasonal characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were evaluated through the measurement of <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 <TEX>${\mu}m$</TEX>) and <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 <TEX>${\mu}m$</TEX>) collected in the downtown area of Iksan city over roughly two weeks in each season of 2004. During the sampling period, 54 samples of <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> were collected and then measured for mass concentrations of PM and its water-soluble inorganic ion species. The concentrations of <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> were highly variable on a daily time scale in all seasons, especially in fall. Annual concentrations of <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> were <TEX>$54.7{\pm}21.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$</TEX> and <TEX>$34.0{\pm}13.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$</TEX>, respectively. The daily concentrations of the analyzed ions similarly showed a pronounced variation, although a difference between seasons existed. Among them, <TEX>$SO_4^{2-}$</TEX>, <TEX>$NO_3^-$</TEX> and <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX> were the most abundant ions in all seasons, contributing up to 32% of <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> and 39% of <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX>. The contribution of <TEX>$SO_4^{2-}$</TEX> and <TEX>$NO_3^-$</TEX> showed a seasonal variation, as <TEX>$SO_4^{2-}$</TEX> was the highest during spring and summer and <TEX>$NO_3^-$</TEX> was the highest during fall and winter. Non-seasalt <TEX>$SO_4^{2-}$</TEX> and <TEX>$NO_3^-$</TEX> were found to exist mainly as neutralized chemical components of <TEX>$(NH_4)_2SO_4$</TEX> and <TEX>$NH_4NO_3$</TEX> due to the high concentration of <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX> in PM samples, which were a major form of airborne PM in all seasons. Seasonal characteristics of <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> in Iksan were described in relation to the temporal variations of daily concentration of PM and its inorganic ion species including inter-particle reactions.
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