Онтогенез канадского журавля (Grus canadensis canadensis) в Северо-Западной Чукотке и реакции взрослых и птенцов на наблюдателя в сравнении с другими видами журавлей

Gut microbiota are closely related to the nutrition, immunity, and metabolism of the host and play important roles in maintaining the normal physiological activities of animals. Cranes are important protected avian species in China, and they are sensitive to changes in the ecological environment and are thus good environmental indicators. There have been no reports examining gut fungi or the correlation between bacteria and fungi in wild Demoiselle cranes (Grus virgo) and Common cranes (Grus grus). Related research can provide a foundation for the protection of rare wild animals. 16S rRNA and ITS high-throughput sequencing techniques were used to analyze the gut bacterial and fungal diversity of Common and Demoiselle cranes migrating to the Yellow River wetland in Inner Mongolia. The results revealed that for gut bacteria α diversity, Chao1 index in Demoiselle cranes was remarkably higher than that in Common cranes (411.07 ± 79.54 vs. 294.92 ± 22.38), while other index had no remarkably differences. There was no remarkable difference in fungal diversity. There were marked differences in the gut microbial composition between the two crane species. At the phylum level, the highest abundance of bacteria in the Common crane and Demoiselle crane samples was Firmicutes, accounting for 87.84% and 74.29%, respectively. The highest abundance of fungi in the guts of the Common and Demoiselle cranes was Ascomycota, accounting for 69.42% and 57.63%, respectively. At the genus level, the most abundant bacterial genus in the Common crane sample was Turicibacter (38.60%), and the most abundant bacterial genus in the Demoiselle crane sample was Catelicoccus (39.18%). The most abundant fungi in the Common crane sample was Penicillium (6.97%), and the most abundant fungi in the Demoiselle crane sample was Saccharomyces (8.59%). Correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant correlation between gut bacteria and fungi. This study provided a research basis for the protection of cranes. Indeed, a better understanding of the gut microbiota is very important for the conservation and management of wild birds, as it not only helps us to understand their life history and related mechanisms, but also can hinder the spread of pathogenic microorganisms.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 鄱阳湖4种鹤类集群特征与成幼组成的时空变化 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201508191733 作者: 作者单位: 江西师范大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（31260517） Temporal and spatial variations in the group characteristics and adult-juvenile composition of four crane species in Poyang Lake, China Author: Affiliation: Jiangxi Normal University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:2014年10月-2015年4月，采用样点法对鄱阳湖45个样点的白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）、白头鹤（G. monacha）、白枕鹤（G. vipio）和灰鹤（G. grus）的集群大小、集群类型和成幼组成进行调查。结果显示，白鹤的平均集群大小（23.86±10.26）只（集群数N=104），白头鹤（6.42±1.63）只（N=98），白枕鹤（6.09±2.55）只（N=105），灰鹤（5.55±1.26）只（N=246）。仅白头鹤中期集群大小显著小于后期，其余鹤类各时期及灰鹤各地区的集群大小差异不显著。鄱阳湖鹤类的集群大小并不符合警戒行为对集群大小的预测，生境质量差异可能是影响鄱阳湖鹤类集群大小的主要原因之一。4种鹤类均在1-5只个体的小集群中出现频度最高。白鹤在>35只个体集群中的个体比例最高，而白头鹤、白枕鹤和灰鹤在1-5只个体集群和>35只个体集群均有较高的个体比例。白鹤、白头鹤、白枕鹤和灰鹤均以家庭群为主，其家庭群所占比例分别为（64.29%，总集群数N=98）、（71.91%，N=89）、（70.77%，N=65）和（63.11%，N=206）。鄱阳湖鹤类以家庭群为主表明，保证充足的食物供应可能比花费更多的觅食时间更为重要。白鹤家庭群以2成1幼为主（65.08%），白头鹤（51.56%）、白枕鹤（52.17%）和灰鹤（47.69%）以2成为主。白鹤、白头鹤、白枕鹤和灰鹤群体的幼鸟比例分别为12.27%（个体数N=1695）、14.42%（N=416）、16.59%（N=229）和20.46%（N=655）。2成2幼集群比例极低表明，白鹤家庭同时抚养2个幼鸟成活的难度较其它3种鹤类大。4种鹤类在各时期的幼鸟比例差异不显著。在灰鹤个体数较多的3个地区中，都昌候鸟省级自然保护区（25.25%）和东鄱阳湖国家级湿地公园（25.14%）的幼鸟比例分别显著和极显著地高于鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区（14.24%）。鄱阳湖白鹤的幼鸟比例多年来均处于较低水平，白头鹤的幼鸟比例较2012-2013年冬季明显下降，灰鹤和白枕鹤种群可能处于稳定或增长状态。 Abstract:Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, and many waterbirds, including four endangered crane species, overwinter at this lake each year. Feeding and resting are the behaviors primarily exhibited by the wintering waterbirds, that Poyang Lake provides good food and rest resources for them. However, no comprehensive data about the wintering ecology of these crane species exists. From October 2014 to April 2015, we investigated the group sizes and adult-juvenile compositions of the Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus), hooded crane (G. monacha), white-naped crane (G. vipio), and common crane (G. grus) at 45 survey sites on Poyang Lake using the point count method. The results showed that the mean group sizes of the four crane species were (23.86±10.26) for the Siberian crane (group number N=104), (6.09±2.55) for the hooded crane (N=98), (6.09±2.55) for the white-naped crane (N=105), and (5.55±1.26) for the common crane (N=246). Crane group size in Poyang Lake did not conform to predictions based on their vigilance behavior. However, habitat quality may explain this discrepancy. The group size of hooded cranes at the mid-winter stage was significantly smaller than during the late winter stage, whereas other cranes showed no significant differences between the three wintering stages. The common crane group size also showed no significant differences between regions. The four species of cranes most frequently appeared in groups of 1-5 individuals. Most Siberian crane individuals appeared in groups of 35 individuals or more, whereas other cranes were in groups of 1-5, or more than 35 individuals. The Siberian crane (64.29%, total group number N=98), hooded crane (71.91%, N=89), white-naped crane (70.77%, N=65), and common crane (63.11%, N=206) appeared mainly in family groups, suggesting that ensuring an adequate supply of food was more important than increasing foraging time. The highest percentage of Siberian crane family group types was two adults with one offspring (65.08%), whilst two adults predominated in the hooded crane (51.56%), white-naped crane (52.17%), and common crane (47.69%) populations. The lower percentage of family types with two adults and two offspring indicated that Siberian crane families found it more difficult than the families of the other three cranes to raise two offspring at the same time. The percentage of juvenile Siberian cranes was 12.27% (individual number N=1695), 14.42% (N=416) for the hooded crane, 16.59% (N=229) for the white-naped crane, and 20.46% (N=655) for the common crane. There was no significant difference in the percentage of juveniles over the three wintering stages for any of the crane species. Duchang Provincial Migratory Birds Nature Reserve and East Poyang Lake National Wetland Park were found to contain significantly and extremely significantly (χ2=6.495, P=0.011 and χ2=9.012, P=0.003, respectively) more common cranes (25.25% and 25.14%, respectively) than Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve (14.24%). The percentage of juvenile Siberian cranes remained low in Poyang Lake, whereas that of the hooded cranes significantly decreased between 2014 and 2015 from the corresponding percentage of the population in 2012-13. The population of common cranes and white-naped cranes remained stable or increased, which suggested that Poyang Lake is able to maintain and develop healthy populations of these cranes. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

LITTLE has been published on the attentiveness of cranes at their nests. R. P. Allen (The, Whooping Crane, New York, Natl. Audubon Soc., Research Rept. no. 3, 1952; see pp. 184-190) presented some notes on the captive Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) which nested in 1949 at the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Texas. I related some notes on the Sandhill Crane (G. canadensis) in Michigan and Georgia (The Sandhill Cranes, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, Cranbrook Inst. Sci., Bull. 29, 1949, see pp. 86-90 and 97-99; Auk, 67: 38-51, 1950); on the Sarus Crane (G. antigone) in the Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago (Auk, 64: 602-615, 1947); and on the White-naped Crane (G. vipio) at the Detroit Zoological Park, Detroit, Michigan (Auk, 68: 194-202, 1951). Cranes are very attentive to their eggs. If they do leave the nest, they usually remain nearby where they can easily watch the nest. On three occasions, however, I have found Sandhill Cranes away from their nests during midday when there was a warm sun. Also, early one morning my wife and I found the nest of a Crowned Crane (Balearica pavonina) in Northern Rhodesia with the eggs unattended. We did not see either bird in the hour we were in the vicinity. Later in the day we returned to the nest to see if it was deserted, and found that it was not. Nevertheless, most cranes seldom if ever leave the eggs unattended. This paper summarizes my observations of the attentiveness of various species of cranes. Many of the notes on the Sandhill Crane were made at the Phyllis Haehnle Memorial Sanctuary, Jackson County, Michigan. Here I was able to watch the largest southern Michigan population from a point on a nearby hill, and activities at all or nearly all nests could be observed, except on rainy days or days with poor visibility, when this was not always possible. More was learned here, however, than I have been able to learn elsewhere. Usually I remained in my automobile so that I would not frighten the cranes. On many occasions I also spent the night there. By similar methods, I watched cranes in Africa. At one place I was able to watch nests of both Crowned and Wattled (Bugeranus carunculatus) cranes which were nesting only about 500 feet apart. At other places I observed nests of the Stanley Crane (Anthropoides paradisea). In Sweden, in May and June, 1963, I was also able to watch European Cranes (Grus grus) at their nests, in one place from a specially built tower, in another from a nearby woodland. In May, 1950, I spent eight days watching a pair of Whooping Cranes at their nest at the Aransas Refuge in Texas. Here the sexes of the two captive birds were known. In the wild I presumed that the larger bird at a nest was the male. Usually the pre-

Yunnan Province is home to seven crane species: Demoiselle (Anthropoides virgo), Siberian (Grus leucogeranus), Sarus (G. antigone), Eurasian (G. grus), Hooded (G. monacha), Black-necked (G. nigricollis) and Red-crowned (G. japonensis) Cranes, more than any other province in China, and the only province with sightings of Sarus Cranes. Of these seven crane species, Black-necked Cranes have been studied the most and Eurasian Cranes are moderately studied, while for the rest of species only distribution data are available. In Yunnan Province, 39 counties have recorded crane sightings, 25 of which were made before 2000. The major threats to the survival of the cranes are loss and degradation of habitats, especially wetland reclamation and farming practices. Conservation initiative should be launched to protect the cranes.

The Daxing’an Mountains and Hulunber Grassland are located in the northeastern border area of China. This region covers a large area of rich biodiversity. The natural environment here is well protected because of low pressure of human activity. There are 5 species of cranes here. They are Red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), White-napped crane (Grus vipio), Siberian White crane (Grus leucogeranus), Grey crane (Grus lifordi) and Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo). Red-crowned crane is a breeding species that is widely distributed in this area. The main breeding population of this species is in Heilongjiang Province. They migrate to the south of China in winter. White-napped crane, Grey crane, Demoiselle crane are also summer birds. It remains unknown if Siberian White crane breeds here. Since the population of Red-crowned crane, White-napped crane, Siberian White crane in China are at the edge of endangering, so they are listed in the namelist of national protected species. But Grey crane, Demoiselle crane have a larger population, and are widely distributed.

The vocal development of cranes (Gruidae) has attracted scientific interest due to a special stage, so-called voice breaking. During voice breaking, chicks produce both adult low-frequency and juvenile high-frequency vocalizations. The triggers that affect voice breaking are unknown. For the first time, we study the vocal development of the Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo). We describe the age and possible drivers of the onset of voice breaking. We analyse the calls of 21 Demoiselle Crane chicks, and compare them with the calls of six adult birds, noting the day when adult low-frequency calls are first recorded as the day when voice breaking begins. The age of voice breaking onset does not depend on hatching date, clutch order or chick body mass. Thus, there is no correlation between body growth and the onset of voice breaking for individual Demoiselle Crane chicks. However, there is a strong relationship between body mass and voice breaking among different crane species. Demoiselle Cranes stop intense body growth at the age of 2 months and start voice breaking at 70 ± 46 days. By way of comparison, Red-crowned Cranes finish the period of intense body growth at the age of 7 months and start voice breaking at 211 ± 60 days. Thus, we show that the Demoiselle Crane has a sudden vocal development, similar to other crane species, and we suggest that the end of intense body growth is the trigger for the onset of voice breaking in cranes.

Movement is a key means by which animals cope with variable environments. As they move, animals construct individual niches composed of the environmental conditions they experience. Niche axes may vary over time and covary with one another as animals make tradeoffs between competing needs. Seasonal migration is expected to produce substantial niche variation as animals move to keep pace with major life history phases and fluctuations in environmental conditions. Here, we apply a time-ordered principal component analysis to examine dynamic niche variance and covariance across the annual cycle for four species of migratory crane: common crane (Grus grus, n = 20), demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo, n = 66), black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis, n = 9), and white-naped crane (Grus vipio, n = 9). We consider four key niche components known to be important to aspects of crane natural history: enhanced vegetation index (resources availability), temperature (thermoregulation), crop proportion (preferred foraging habitat), and proximity to water (predator avoidance). All species showed a primary seasonal niche "rhythm" that dominated variance in niche components across the annual cycle. Secondary rhythms were linked to major species-specific life history phases (migration, breeding, and nonbreeding) as well as seasonal environmental patterns. Furthermore, we found that cranes' experiences of the environment emerge from time-dynamic tradeoffs among niche components. We suggest that our approach to estimating the environmental niche as a multidimensional and time-dynamical system of tradeoffs improves mechanistic understanding of organism-environment interactions.

To clarify the impacts of climate change on the potential distribution of six crane species in the Great Xing'an Mountains region, and promote the effective protection of these species, we selected key environmental variables such as climate, topography, and vegetation type based on Pearson correlation and Jackknife analysis, and modeled the potential distribution of six crane species in the Great Xing'an Mountains using MaxEnt with the current and the future climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). We identified the priority protection areas (PPAs) and the target PPAs by zonation and ArcGIS. The results showed that with the current climate condition, the sui-table habitats of these species were mainly distributed in the central and the northwest part of the Great Xing'an Mountains. With RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the suitable habitats of Grus monacha, Grus japonensis, Grus vipio, Grus grus and Anthropoides virgo would decrease, while that of Grus leucogeranus would expand by 5.4%-6.3%. With current and the future climate change scenarios, the PPAs of these species were mainly distributed in the northwest, southeast and west-central parts of the Great Xing'an Mountains. The protect rate could reach about 20.1%-23.8% of the target PPAs conserved by protected areas (PAs). The protection gaps were mainly distributed in the west of Mohe County, the north-central of Ergun, the central and east of Genhe, the northeast of Yakeshi, and the south of Oroqen Autonomous Banner. We proposed to expand PAs to provide a strong guarantee for the effective protection of cranes species.

The autumn pre-migratory concentrations of Red-crowned, White-naped and Hooded Cranes were studied in the Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use and Environmentla Education (Tambov District, Amur Region, Russian Federation) during 23.08–29.09.1992. We counted 292 Hooded Cranes, 34 White-naped Cranes, and 17 Red-crowned Cranes during the study period. We also marked specific differences in the behaviour of the birds connected with their readiness for migration. The Hooded Cranes showed the greatest readiness for migration. We observed mutual flights, overnight stays, and feeding of adult birds and family groups in their flocks. This was not the same in the flocks of White-naped Cranes. However, the average number of birds in the flocks of White-naped Cranes had increased by the end of our observations due to new families joining the general flock. The family parties of the Red-crowned Crane and adult birds without young individuals stayed apart from each other and from other crane species during the whole observation period. We registered the autumn departure of Hooded Cranes in late September, the migratory departure of White-naped Cranes in the middle of October, and the Red-crowned Cranes left the area in the first half of November. The breeding period for all crane species starts at the same time: the third decade of April – the beginning of May. The young of the studied crane species differ significantly in the period of time before fledging: Hooded Cranes – 55–60 days, White-naped Cranes – 65–70 days, and Red-crowned Cranes – 70–75 days because of their specific differences in the ratio of size to weight (1 : 1.3 : 1.7). Thus, the time difference between the Hooded and Red-crowned Cranes is about 2–3 weeks. We suggest that this is the main reason that determines the differences between these species in the timing of the the start of autumn migration.

The present study was carried out at the three districts, i.e., Bannu, Lakki Marwat and Karak of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The current study was carried out to assess the biological status of two cranes species, the Common Crane (Grus grus) and the Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo), with respect to hunting pressure, chick survival rate and breeding and diseases in captivity. Field surveys, questionnaires and interviews with the local communities were the major tools for data collection. In the fall 2014 and spring of 2015, a total of 93 hunting camps was found to be established in Bannu and Lakki Marwat. These camps were established in Baran dam, Kurram and Kashu in Bannu, while Lunder, Chall and Gambilla River in Lakki Marwat. The study revealed that hunters in Bannu, Lakki Marwat and Karak had 2945 Demoiselle and 956 Common captive Cranes, from breeding pairs 1363 and 408 eggs of Demoiselle and Common cranes, from which 910 and 183 eggs were hatched and the chicks of these two species survived were 628 and 129 respectively. The chicks faced problems of development of feathers, leg-breaking and bending due to overweighting and parasitic attacks. The cranes also suffered from various diseases like a head tumor (granules develop on the head), night blindness, influenza, stomach blocking and skin diseases. The information of this study may help to develop strategies to conserve and protect the natural habitats from intensive anthropogenic use and livestock grazing and help to sustain and enhance numbers of this avian species.

The Demoiselle crane ( Anthropoides virgo Linneaus, 1758) is a widespread crane species of Eurasia distributed in the steppe and semi-desert zones from southeast Ukraine eastward to Northern China. The Demoiselle crane uses two wintering grounds in Africa and India corresponding to the European and Asian breeding parts of the range subdivided into several spatially separated breeding flocks. The first estimates of the genetic diversity and differentiation have been obtained from five of them: 1) Azov & Black Sea, 2) Caspian, 3) Volga & Ural, 4) South Siberian and 5) Eastern Asian sampled across the total breeding range in Russia using data from 10 microsatellite loci and the 1 003-bp control region of mitochondrial DNA. In total, the Demoiselle crane demonstrates high level of observed ( H O = 0.638 ± 0.032) and expected ( H E = 0.657 ± 0.023) hete-rozygosity and haplotype diversity ( h = 0.960). Genetic dif­ferentiation among populations has shown to be weak for both the microsatellite loci (Wright’s F ST = 0.052 or AMOVA estimate 0.016) and mtDNA ( F ST = 0.040). No evidence of significant population structuring of the Demoiselle crane has been found using the STRUCTURE analysis of multilo­cus microsatellite genotypes and the NETWORK grouping of control region haplotypes. Despite the haplotype diversity was high, the nucleotide diversity of the species was low (0.0033 ± 0.0003). Negative but non-significant Tajima’s and Fu’s tests did not suggest the recent population expansion in the Demoiselle crane evolutionary history which contrasts to other cranes of the Palearctic (the Eurasian crane Grus grus , and the Hooded crane G. monacha ). These data indicate more stable conditions for the Demoiselle crane breeding groups in the steppe zone in Pleistocene as compared to boreal and subarctic breeding grounds of other crane species.

A hitchhiking approach to reconstruct the finger pulp and the subsequent 1st toe hemi-pulp donor site defect

Using satellite telemetry, it is possible to track long-distance migrant birds with high accuracy and greater spatial coverage. However, prior to 2014, less than 1% of bird species in India had been monitored using this technology. Between January and February 2022, we deployed leg-mounted solar GPS/GSM satellite transmitters to Common Cranes and Demoiselle Cranes (two each) to study home ranges, movement, migration patterns, and habitat use. We used 95% kernels to define the total home range size and 50% kernels to delimit the core areas. The winter habitat use was assessed using Generalized Linear Models (GLM). The average home range of Common Cranes and Demoiselle Cranes was estimated as 161.22 ± 172.08 km2 and 971.40 ± 1023.57 km2, respectively. During migration, Common Crane-1 and Common Crane-2 traveled an average of 471.19 ± 442.42 and 176.97 ± 24.82 km per day, and Demoiselle Crane-1 and Demoiselle Crane-2 covered an average daily distance of 168.10 ± 203.77 and 192.97 ± 250.72 km, respectively. Water bodies and croplands were the most important habitat variables influencing crane presence positively. In recent years, the share of food grain crops within the study area has declined from 43% in 1994–1995 to 36% in 2014–2015, while the share of cotton crops has doubled from 11% to 20%, indicating a probable cause of concern in the near future.

The enteric flora of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana) and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) has not been well described, despite its potential importance in the understanding of both the normal condition of the intestinal physiology of these animals and the altered colonization within disease states in these birds. Nineteen whooping cranes and 23 sandhill cranes housed currently at the Calgary Zoo or its affiliated Devonian Wildlife Conservation Centre (DWCC) in Calgary, Alberta were sampled from October 2004-February 2005 by collecting aerobic and anaerobic cloacal swabs from each bird. There were seven major groupings of bacteria isolated from both species of crane. Gram-positive cocci, coliforms, and gram-negative bacilli were the most prevalent types of bacteria isolated for both crane species, with Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus Group D, not Enterococcus the bacterial species isolated most commonly. There was a significant difference in the average number of isolates per individual between the two crane species but no differences between age or gender categories within crane species. Campylobacter sp. were isolated from five whooping cranes. The potential zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from one whooping crane and C. upsaliensis was isolated from a second. Three other isolates were unspeciated members of the Campylobacter genus and likely belong to a species undescribed previously. The evaluation of the enteric cloacal flora of whooping cranes and sandhill cranes illustrates that differences exist between these two closely related crane species, and highlights the potential implications these differences may have for current practices involving captive wildlife. Zoo Biol 0:1-13, 2007. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Studying of animal behavior is important to understand the evolution and ecology of species, as well as to develop strategies and measures to conserve rare species. Investigating the time budget of closely related species allows detecting species-specific patterns of behavior. A comparative analysis of the time budget of the Common crane (Grus grus) and Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) in their pre-migration period, during which they as a rule feed in agricultural fields, was carried out. Species differences in the foraging strategies were revealed. Demoiselle cranes forage while moving across the field while Common cranes forage while standing still. Thus, Common cranes, which traditionally use fields to feed, forage less energy-intensely than Demoiselle cranes that are a steppe species and began to use agricultural landscapes after virgin lands since the middle of the last century. Common cranes spent more time preening than Demoiselle cranes, and juveniles of both species spend less time to this activity than adults but no statistically significant differences were found. Both species spent the least time to rest and other activities.