고려 후기 忠州城의 신지견

Abstract

This article examines the consistency of the location of Chungjuseong [meaning Chungju Fortress and in other words, Chungju Sanseong meaning Chungju Mountain Fortress], the site of one of the most dramatic battles of the Goryeo-Mongol War(1231-1273), through the perspective of a new discovery. Various hypotheses related to Chungjuseong Fortress have emerged so far, such as Nam Sanseong, Daerim Sanseong, Chungju Eupseong, Deokju Sanseong, etc. Among them, Chungju Eupseong as the fortress of the province and Daerim Sanseong as the mountain fortress have been regarded as persuasive. However, serving as a mountain fortress for defense and protection was done at high and rugged mountain fortresses such as Yang sanseong, Yanggeunseong, Cheonryong Sanseong, and Ibam Sanseong, which are recorded in the literature. In line with this, the fortress site of Gyejoksan Mountain in Chungju proved to have conformity with Chungju Fortress [Chungju Sanseong]. Until now, the fortress site of Gyeyoksan Mountain has been recognized as an extension of the territorial range of Simhanghyeon in the Joseon Dynasty. Thus, the walls were thought to be not related to Chungju Sanseong during the Goryeo-Mongol War. However, Mt. Gyejoksan (now Mt. Gyemyungsan) is the main mountain of Chungju and shows a rugged mountainous position for a fortress site. In addition, based on the main defense direction toward Chungju Town, construction technique of the Goryeo Dynasty, and excavated artifacts, the site was judged to be highly likely to be related to Geum Yun-hu, who was a defense official of Chungju Sanseong. In other words, it was the site of battles such as the 1st(1231),5th(1253), and6th (1256) Mongol invasions. In between, the battles of Geumdanggyeop (1253), Daincheolso (1254), Daewonryeong (1255), and Parkdalhyeon (1258) are also believed to have occurred around this place. The Mongolian method of warfare in the Goryeo-Mongol War was to use local forces that had surrendered to the Mongols. This has the vulnerability of exposing internal information in the battles to defense the capital. In other words, a Goryeo army had to fight against another Goryeo people combined with Mongolian army. The Battle of Chungju Sanseong (1253) had significance in that it provided the opportunity to overcome and recover the asymmetry of this strategy through tripod-shaped terrain site, the high and rugged location, and the guerrilla warfare. This is the first time the outline of the fortress site of Gyejoksan Mountain has been identified. We hope that it will shed new light on the location of Chungjuseong [Chungju Sanseong] in the late Goryeo Dynasty and its historical development. It is also hoped that academic research on the Gyeyoksan fortress site will be conducted in a systematic manner so that the overall status, structure, and consecration techniques of the fortress can be clarified.