“反行为”如何推动制度变革——读《中国农民反行为研究（1950–1980）》

Abstract

In his book, Counter-behaviors of Chinese Peasants, 1950–1980, historian Gao Wangling defines “counter-behaviors” (fanxingwei) as the everyday actions of shirking and non-compliance by peasants under the disguise of being weak and subservient. This article, as a critique of Gao’s work, reexamines the origins, evolution, and eventual formation of the counter-behaviors of Chinese peasants during the state-led collectivization movement in the 1950s, the impact of counter-behaviors on the collective economy and the administrative system, and their relevance to the initiation of rural reforms in the 1980s. It also discusses the implications of the counter-behaviors for understanding the origins of reforms in present-day China and posits that counter-behaviors may function as stimuli for new reform measures in a given context of state-society relations. It further argues that counter-behaviors, for all the possible effect of mitigating the damages to the interests of local people, could also result in the losses of both the state and peasants. As an alternative or correction to counter-behaviors, the author calls for a top-down readjustment of the deficient aspects of state-society relations and a new model of positive interactions between state authorities and local society under rationalized governance institutions. 本文在梳理《中国反行为研究（1950–1980）》一书文脉的基础上，通过分析上世纪五十年代国家集体化运动中农民反行为的起源、发展与定型过程，以及人民剬社时期农民反行为对集体经济与官僚体制的影响，从而揭示农民反行为如何推动八十年代农村改革的议题。本文还延伸讨论了反行为对当代中国改革的启示意义，认为在特定国家—社会关系背景下，反行为也许是促生当前中国改革的主要压力机制。其尽管对民众减少利益损失有一定作用，却代价高昂，甚至造成国家和社会的双输。因此要克服其弊端，还是应该主动改革不合理的国家与社会关系格局，将民众以反行为对制度或政策所做的负向反馈转变为合理制度下国家与民众的正向博弈，并最终重塑民众尤其是底层群体与国家的互动模式。 (This article is in Chinese.)