Діяльність Одеського муніципалітету Трансністрії (1941-1944 рр.)

It is indicated that in order to increase the efficiency of the functioning of the institute of advocacy, ensure transparency and openness of the judicial system, as well as introduce modern information technologies into the sphere of justice, the issues of ensuring a comprehensive approach to the functioning of the unified judicial information and telecommunications system (ESITS) and the verification of their electronic digital signatures arise. The modern development of digital technologies significantly affects the functioning of law enforcement institutions, in particular, the interaction of the advocacy and law enforcement, judicial bodies in the international context. Information technologies open up new opportunities for effective communication, data exchange and coordination of law enforcement measures, which contributes to improving the quality of justice and ensuring compliance with human rights. The article focuses on analyzing the role of digital technologies in the law enforcement process, identifying key aspects of cooperation between the advocacy and law enforcement bodies, as well as assessing the challenges and risks arising from the use of digital tools in legal activities. Particular attention is paid to such technological tools as artificial intelligence, digital platforms for storing and exchanging evidence, electronic document management. The practice of using electronic resources, for example, in national or international criminal cases, as well as mechanisms for legal assistance using online resources, is considered. as well as the introduction of modern information technologies in the field of justice, the issues of ensuring a comprehensive approach to the functioning of a unified judicial information and telecommunications system (JITS) are raised. In addition, the impact of regulatory acts of international organizations, in particular the Council of Europe (CoE), the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN), on the development of digital technologies in the field of law enforcement is analyzed. Digital technologies are an important factor in enhancing the effectiveness of cooperation between the legal profession and law enforcement agencies, but their use requires proper regulatory regulation, ensuring the security of personal data and compliance with legal standards of international law.

Powering an island system by renewable energy—A feasibility analysis in the Maldives

Melbourne Water is a Victorian government owned company that provides water supply and sewerage services to Melbourne's retail water companies, and manages rivers and creeks, floodplains and the regional drainage system. The water supply system managed by Melbourne Water is a complex interconnected system of 10 storage reservoirs, over 40 service reservoirs, 160,000 hectares of catchments and hundreds of kilometres of tunnels and pipelines. The complexity of the system and the needs of stakeholders mean the way the system operates has to be based on many considerations. These considerations include: the volumes to be sourced from various sources that have differential costs, the timing of volumes sourced, the distribution of storage within the water supply system, minimising the risk of localised or system wide spills due to increased supply from various sources, minimising the risk of low storage volumes due to inadequate intakes volumes, water security, water quality, scheduled outages of system assets, operating and capital costs, and environmental factors such as healthy water ways and lower greenhouse gas emissions. In planning for the system operation, Melbourne Water prepares an annual operating plan (AOP) that provides a forecast of anticipated system operation for the water supply system. The AOP outlines the system operations for the 12 months ahead, and identifies for each month the volumes of water to be sourced, stored, moved from one location to another, or released to waterways. The preparation of this forecast is a complex task, as the decisions on system operations need to be made under many considerations as outlined earlier. In the past, the preparation of AOP was a manual process undertaken by experienced operators assisted by decision support tools based around the calculation of water balance across the system. However, these tools did not have the capability to identify optimal operations. Instead, the tools were manually updated by experienced operators as documented in system operation guidelines, in consultation with Melbourne's retail water companies. The above approach was time consuming, often requiring up to two weeks to produce an AOP for one operating scenario. In 2009, Melbourne Water developed in-house an optimisation modelling tool, OPTIMISIR, to assist in identifying the optimal annual operating plan. OPTIMISIR provides the flexibility for users to specify various streamflow and demand scenarios, system storage conditions, operating requirements and the aims of the optimisation in the form of an objective function. The choice two optimisation methods; Linear Programming or Quadratic Programming is also available. The output of OPTIMISIR comprises the operating decisions for each of the 12 months including: volumes to be taken from various water sources, volumes to be released to waterways, volumes to be stored in each reservoir and volumes to be transferred across the system. OPTIMISIR has two modes of use; standalone-use and the linked-use with Melbourne Water's REALM water supply system simulation model. This paper covers the standalone-use mode. With OPTIMISIR, the optimisation of 12-month operations can be completed in seconds. This enables the operators to generate at first a 'greenfield solution' that is not biased towards past operations and subsequently assess the impacts of various operating considerations by generating 'constrained solutions'. The paper presents the OPTIMISIR modelling approach and an example application. The paper particularly highlights the decision-support rather than decision-making nature of OPTIMISIR, in which the experience of system operators and the power of an easy-to-use modelling tool are combined in identifying a detailed operating plan that meets various operating considerations and the needs of stakeholders. The paper demonstrates the suitability of OPTIMISIR, as part of a suite of optimisation and simulation modeling tools, for the operation planning of Melbourne's water supply system.

This article pinpoints the problem of no modern water supply and sewage systems in homes of ca. 22-24 million people in the Russian Federation residing in the countryside nowadays. As a statistical database, the authors use the results of the Rosstat surveys entitled "The Comprehensive monitoring of the living conditions of the population" that were conducted in 2011 and 2020. We analyze the data on cold and hot water supply systems, sewage systems and toilets in homes of households across the country in general, in rural areas and in individual houses (the private sector). The article reveals that there are no modern types of sewage systems in homes of almost two-thirds of households, whereas modern toilet is not installed in one-third, hot water supply — in 26 per cent, and cold water supply system — in homes of 11 per cent of households in rural areas. When considering individual houses in rural settlements the situation is even worse, and the numbers reach 81 per cent, 42 per cent, 30 per cent and 13 per cent respectively. Six groups of regions of the Russian Federation are distinguished by the share of households that do not have access to any water supply system in their homes. Subsequently, we define four reasons why rural areas have been consistently lagging behind cities and towns in terms of infrastructural development, including the decline of local Soviet-era agricultural enterprises (kolkhozes and sovkhozes) in the beginning of the 1990s and the development of rural territories as a generally low priority topic for the Federal executive bodies. The other two reasons are the virtual disconnection of rural territories from the state policies in the area of housing construction and utilities and the insufficient compatibility of the current model of providing state and municipal services to the population living mostly in individual houses on private land under the conditions of shortage of financial resources. In conclusion, we propose a set of measures aimed at boosting resolution of the ongoing problems with universal access to modern water supply and sewage systems in rural areas of the Russian Federation.

The contamination of food or water supplies with radioactive materials centers the attack on the ingestion pathway, where the aims may be to: expose the public who consume the contaminated food or drink the contaminated water; stop the provision of food or water supplies to the public; and cause widespread panic and public alarm. The radiological consequences may include: contamination of water treatment plants, service reservoirs, header tanks and water supply systems; contamination of food products, wholesale food markets, supermarkets or food processing facilities; and the loss or disruption of the water and/or food supply chain. The occurrence of immediate fatalities or casualties suffering from the effects of radiation exposure via the ingestion pathway is very unlikely since extremely large amounts of radioactive material would be required to achieve sufficiently high concentrations and, even if this occurs, it is very unlikely that it would affect a large number of people. The radionuclides that can be used or released during a radiological emergency, where a significant radiation dose could be received as a result of consumption of contaminated food, could be: The radionuclides listed above are expected to be the predominant contributors to radiation dose through ingestion in the most of the scenarios. When more than one radionuclide is released, the relative contribution that a radionuclide makes to radiation dose from ingestion of subsequently contaminated food depends on the specifics of the accident and the mode of release. In unique circumstances other radionuclides (like Po-210) may contribute radiation doses through the food ingestion pathway. Although the deliberate act to contaminate food or water supplies with radioactive materials it is unlikely (though not impossible), there is a need to co-operate with radiological experts and media specialists to quickly assess the potential medical impact of such acts and provide public information to alleviate fears in the potentially affected public. There is also a need to develop a plan, at the national level, to monitor a representative sample of the potentially affected population to confirm the health risk assessment and reassure the public.

<p>Sustainable development goals (6.1 and 6.2) call for full coverage with safely managed drinking water and safely managed sanitation by 2030. Thus, the UN Sustainable development goals declare to provide water, sanitation and hygiene for all and to involve local water users and find most suitable local practices for water provision.</p><p>While the MDGs highly promoted access to piped water and flushed toilets as the safest distribution of water and sanitation services, the SDGs promote access to all water sources and sanitation facilities if a safe management can be assured.</p><p>The SDGs "Safely managed drinking water" indicator includes the three following conditions: accessible on-premises, available when needed and free from contamination, and “Safely managed sanitation” indicator includes an improved sanitation facility which is: not shared, excreta is safely disposed in situ or excreta is transported and treated off-site. Thus, both centralized and decentralized water supply and sanitation systems are considered safe if met the sustainability criterias.</p><p>Since the Soviet Union time most of the centralized water systems in towns and rural areas in Kazakhstan were built in a linear way with piped water in and no sewer pipes out or limited wastewater collection pipes with no treatment and direct discharge. This research attempts to assess centralized water supply and sanitation systems on a household and the system levels in rural/urban areas in Kazakhstan using six sustainability components: environmental, socio-cultural, institutional, economic, health and technological sustainability. The survey included the questionannire of the households, discussions with the responsible for water supply systems and observation of water and sanitation points. The survey was conducted in three settlements with the access to centralised and decentralized water supply systems in Nothern part of Kazakhstan and covered 82% of the households. More than 85% of households used water from private sources; water from centralized sources if used mainly for watering the garden and not for drinking purposes. No sewer system was provided in the settlements and the waste/grey water is the responsibility of the household itself. Every household had pit laterine outside, meeting basic technical requirements and partially lacking the environmental safety requirements.  </p><p>For this study, several sustainability limitations were recognised where the most prevalent component, which consequently affected other components, was the institutional sustainability in the region, namely lack of community-based water supply systems,  the local municipality organization and regulation and education on maintaining the WSS systems.</p>

The study was devoted to the development of ways to improve the information mechanism as a tool for the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of law enforcement. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the information mechanism for the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of law enforcement should comply with the state information policy and be based on the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Information». It is noted that the information mechanism of state policy in the field of law enforcement should provide two main areas of law enforcement activities, namely: internal communication, that is, communication within the law enforcement system and external communication, that is, communication with civil society. The levels of organization of interaction between law enforcement agencies at the state level, at the regional level, at the city and district levels are determined. It is concluded that the forms of interaction, as well as concepts, spheres, range of subjects, rights, duties and responsibilities of the participants in the interaction should be enshrined in the law «On the interaction of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine», the adoption of which will improve the efficiency of law enforcement agencies in their functions and tasks.» The components as a result of the development of a new mechanism for the exchange of information between law enforcement agencies are systematized. The main directions of external interaction are proposed, namely: informing the society, shaping public consciousness, drawing attention to a social problem. For the effective use of external communication methods by the subjects of the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of law enforcement, it is necessary to develop a communication strategy for a law enforcement agency, form financial support for the implementation of methods, and establish requirements for the disclosure of information.

In Romania, there are more than 13,000 localities of which only 10% are equipped with centralized water supply systems at European standards. In the western area of Romania, there is a district operator, which manages the water supply and sewerage systems. It started working on upgrading and rehabilitating water supply systems by accessing European funds, to meet the quality requirements imposed by European legislation. In the first stage, 15 water supply systems were refurbished with works performed in urban and rural parts of western part of Romania. In the second and third stages, investments will continue for the rehabilitation and upgrading of all the western localities, which do not meet the quantitative and qualitative conditions of potable water with European standards. Water resources need to be managed very well, especially in the context of climate change, with water sources having to provide ever growing flow to consumers. The paper shows what are the problems of the centralized water supply system of three localities in western Romania, and how we resolved them. The aim of the study is to analyse the efficiency of the current water supply system and to identify the causes that lead to the qualitative deterioration of drinking water distributed to consumers in populated centres. Laboratory determinations for samples of treated water were performed. Based on these laboratory determinations, corrections were made to ensure that the drinking water complies with current regulations (458/2002 Drinking Water Act and completed with Law 311/2004). The retrofitting and rehabilitation of the existing water supply system of the locality resulted on the basis of these analyses. The flow captured from underground source should be increased. To ensure the flow of water to consumers, the existing drilling and extension of the capture front will be rehabilitated. Rehabilitation of the water supply system will bring a real benefit in terms of quality of life according to environmental restrictions under Directive 98/83 / EC.

The reliability of water supply and wastewater disposal systems has a significant impact on the environment: therefore, it is essential to implement new methods and approaches that reduce the risk of emergency situations. Based on the experience in automation, maintenance and modernization of wastewater disposal and water supply systems, the study suggests introducing additional programmable modules into automated control systems that provide control and regulation directly on the actuator. For this purpose, the study involves OWEN Logic programming environment, which manages pumping stations through programmable relays. The paper presents functional diagrams that have been introduced into standard macros to increase the reliability of pumping units. In addition, the paper demonstrates that the implementation of multi-level management facilitates the improvement of existing water supply and wastewater disposal systems, thereby increasing their functional capabilities and ensuring the efficient operation of technological equipment. The conducted analysis shows that the adoption of this method for managing technological processes will enhance the reliability and durability of the equipment, ensuring uninterrupted operation of pumping stations. With a change in the performance of water supply and wastewater disposal systems, the installed devices will allow for modernization with minimal economic costs, and reprogramming the operation of the low-level automation without affecting the performance of other levels.

The problems of legal certainty and legal uncertainty are growing significantly in the field of lawmaking and law enforcement. Thus, the threatening consequences of this are the weakening of the rule of law around the world and the growing number of Ukrainian citizens applying to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The article traces the brief genesis of the principle of "res judicata", emphasizes the various manifestations and forms of legal certainty, and clarifies two groups of requirements for it. In the study, the main attention is paid to the peculiarities of legal certainty in the field of law enforcement. The article is aimed at determining the features and requirements of the principle of legal certainty in court proceedings based on analysis and generalization of ECtHR decisions. It is substantiated that in the generalized form the elemental composition of the principle of certainty in law enforcement includes: requirements for interpretation (in particular, judicial) of normative legal acts and separate norms; legality of resolving legal conflicts and eliminating gaps in current legislation; stability of court decisions; unity of judicial practice. The case law of European judicial institutions in matters of legal certainty is characterized by the position that the problem should be resolved in each case taking into account the facts of the case, their analysis in terms of identity, the relationship between them, as well as their proneness, a combination of stability and dynamism, general and special. Research methods used by the authors of the article include analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative-legal, formal-legal and logical-legal methods.

Chapter 4 - Comparative analysis of water supply systems in megacities in developed and developing countries

The US Legal System on Data Protection in the Field of Law Enforcement. Safeguards, Rights and Remedies for EU Citizens

Numerical modelling of water supply and distribution systems has become a standard and essential practice in any serious attempt to evaluate hydraulic, water quality and economic aspects of these complex systems. Well-suited models, including advanced technologies such as geographical information system and telemetry systems, accurate fire flow calculations, water quality analysis and leakage reduction have become indispensable tools for water network managers. Application of these advanced techniques in hydraulic and water quality modelling and optimum operation is considered to be a part of master planning for the south-west Moravian water supply system in the Czech Republic. The regional water supply system of south-west Moravia supplies water to two counties (Zdar and Trebic). Two regional control centres manage the whole water supply system. A hydraulic and water quality on-line computational module is installed on the central control system server. The mathematical model of the water supply system was calibrated and verified for both steady state and extended period simulations. Numerous hydraulic and water quality model scenarios were conducted for both existing and future operations of the system under normal and emergency conditions. Water quality analyses consisted of residual chlorine concentration simulation including detailed water age and source tracing simulations. The main objective in developing the on-line model was to decrease the operational cost of the system by optimising the operation of pumping stations by improving the rules used to control the inflow into the storage tanks, and by decreasing the time necessary to model required alternatives. The experience from developing the hydraulic and water quality models and optimum scheduling of pumps and valves for the master plan of south-west Moravia as well as the state of the art of the available solutions are discussed in this paper.

Community-based urban water management in fringe neighbourhoods: the case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The urban water supply system is usually designed based on the technical conditions at that time to achieve the optimum in theory. However, due to the impact of various factors such as different ecological environments and seasonal changes, the water supply system cannot operate under the optimal working conditions in practical production applications. And because the water supply system is an indispensable infrastructure of the city, the relationship between water quality and price is of great significance to the development of the whole society. It is very necessary to take corresponding technical measures to ensure the quality of water supply. As an important part of the urban water supply system, water treatment process facilities are the key link to determine the water quality and water price. Reasonable adjustment of their working conditions can meet the water quality requirements of users. Therefore, this paper aims to study the modeling of the urban water supply water treatment system and the optimal operation of the filter. Therefore, first, the urban water supply situation, data collection and pretreatment are studied and analyzed. Second, the modeling and optimization of the water treatment system are studied. Finally, through the optimization study of the filter operation, it is concluded that the filter can obtain better filtration capacity after optimization and can reduce energy consumption.