Векторы трансмиссивных вирусных болезней животных

Abstract

The article reviews the data of Russian and foreign literature sources concerning the spread of vector-born animal infectious diseases such as lumpy skin disease (LSD), Rift Valley fever (RVF), bluetongue. Epidemiology, spread of diseases as well as geographical distribution of their vectors are described, the most probable reasons for expanding the areas of vector-borne infections are considered. Insects and ticks serve not only as vectors, but also as reservoirs and amplifying agents of many pathogens of natural focal infections of human and animals. Of great epidemiological importance is the ability of some vectors to transmit vertically the pathogens from infected females to their offspring. An important role in the epidemiology of vector-borne infections belongs to the following bloodsucking insects - mosquitoes (family Culicidae), sandflies (family Phlebotomidae), midges (family Simuliidae), biting midges (family Heleidae), flies (family Muscidae). Spread of lumpy skin disease to the new territories in recent years is associated with blood-sucking ticks and flying biting insects of the order Diptera (Muscidae -Stomoxys calcitrans; Culicoides - C. Punctatus; Anopheles - An. stephensi; Culex, - Cx. quinquefasciatus). Rift Valley fever virus is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes of the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Eretmopodites Eunelanomyia, Mansonia, Neomelaniconion, Ochlerotatus, Stegomyia. A wide range of mosquitoes’ feeders and the ability of some species to feed consistently on birds and mammals allowed these insects to become the most important vectors of many zoonoses. The major vectors of the bluetongue virus are representatives of blood-sucking biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), numbering about 1350 species distributed throughout the world (about 117 species in Europe). This article summarizes data on species composition Culicoides in the world and in the Russian Federation and their competence in the transmission of the bluetongue virus. The major vectors of the bluetongue virus in Africa include representatives of the species C. imicola, in North America - C. sonorensis,.in Australia - C. brevitarsis. In Europe the bluetongue virus is transmitted by biting midges from the complex obsoletus and pulicaris.