ОЗИМЫЕ КУЛЬТУРЫ КУЗБАССА: СОСТОЯНИЕ, ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

Abstract

Winter crops are distinguished by the effective use of autumn-winter moisture and meltwater in spring. In the conditions of Western Siberia, they are insurance crops. In the Kemerovo region, winter crops are used for food, fodder and technical purposes. grain of winter rye, winter wheat and winter triticale is used for food purposes. Winter wheat is cultivated for technical processing to obtain edible vegetable oil in local oil extraction plants. The cake after seed processing is used in animal husbandry as a high-protein component in the production of compound feeds. Winter rye is a traditional food grain crop, often surpasses the yield of spring wheat. During the period 2007–2022 the crop yield varied from 15.6 c/ha to 28.1 c/ha. In arid 2012, the yield of spring grain was 9.0 c/ha, winter rye – 15.1 c/ha. The crop yield in individual farms reaches 50 centners or more per hectare. In 2022, winter rye crops decreased by 4.5 thousand hectares and amounted to 15.7 thousand hectares. Winter rye occupies one third of the acreage of the winter wedge of the region. Winter wheat in Western Siberia began to be cultivated in the early twentieth century. Cultivation of the crop on a large scale began in the last 20 years with the introduction of new hardy varieties. In 2022, winter wheat was cultivated in all municipal districts on an area of 22055 hectares. the grain yield of the crop by region ranged from 16.9 c/ha to 41.7 c/ha. Winter triticale in the region is distributed in limited quantities, although the productivity of the crop is higher than that of winter rye by 5.25 % and winter wheat by 14.7 %. Cultivation of winter wheat for seeds is about 15 years. In 2017–2021, the area of winter wheat in the region ranged from 5186 (2021) to 6140 ha (2017), seed yield from 5.0 c/ha to 20.0 c/ha. The acreage of winter crops is 7.8 %t in the structure of acreage. For a scientifically based farming system in the field, the area of winter crops must be increased to 15 % or double the level of 2022.