Abstract
This study aims to apply the Swiss Cheese Model to reduce the likelihood of crowd accidents on urban railways and to design measures that minimize damage when accidents occur. It examines various aspects from the initial concept of urban railways through to their design and operation, including laws and regulations, operational methods of responsible organizations, public awareness, and structural capabilities. The investigation includes analyzing variable relationships via confirmatory factor analysis and evaluating how five key areas influence crowd accident risks using multiple regression analysis. Findings suggest that the architectural design of stations and trains, the operational policies of railway entities, governmental traffic management strategies, the promotion of safety consciousness among citizens, and the preparedness for emergency situations collectively play a crucial role in managing these risks. Factors like the planning of train and platform capacities, effective risk communication by organizations, enhancing public risk awareness, and encouraging acts of kindness significantly contribute to mitigating crowd accident risks.
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