무엇이 브라질의 젠더쿼터법을 비효율적으로 만드는가?

Abstract

In recent years, Latin America has continued its institutional efforts to increase women’s political participation despite its deeply rooted male supremacy and patriarchal culture. Brazil also implemented the Gender Quota Law in 1997 to promote women’s participation in the political arena, but it is disgraced as one of the countries with the lowest political representation of women in Latin America. This study analyzed the causes of the continued extreme underrepresentation of Brazilian women in parliament. As a result of the study, the drivers of the low political representation of Brazilian women were derived from two main aspects. The first is the inefficiency of Brazil s gender quota law and institutional imperfections such as Brazil’s unique election system in which it works. Specifically, this study argues that Brazilian women s underrepresentation has been impacted by the small quota size (30%), open-list proportional representation system and the incompleteness of non-compliance sanctions that make the gender quota law nominal. Second, it was suggested that discrimination against women has an effect on the allocation of political resources. In particular, benefits such as candidate identification numbers and candidate broadcast advertising times, as well as election funds distributed by Brazilian party elites, are concentrated on male candidates compared to women, and social media attention, which is emerging as a new political resource in our times, is also higher than female candidates.