ДИНАМИКА ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ РОССИИ

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the problem of chronic hunger, which has worsened over the past decades in the world, clearly indicates that there is not enough food in the world to feed people. The problem under consideration continues to worsen due to such factors as: the effects of climate change, the unstable world economy, low agricultural production, growing poverty and unstable food prices. Thus, these factors have set new challenges for the world to produce and continuously supply the population with basic foodstuffs. In modern Japan, the problems related to ensuring food security on the basis of a strong interaction between the agro-industrial complex and the state are very active. At the same time, the problem of food security in the land of the rising sun differs from the world one. Since Japanese food security consists in increasing the self-sufficiency coefficient by increasing domestic production in order to meet the demand for both types of food related to traditional Japanese food and imported from abroad. Thus, in addition to understanding the problem of food security in Japan, this paper also focuses on the need to increase self-sufficiency in food.

The purpose and objectives of the studyThe purpose of the dissertation is to develop promising areas of trade and economic cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the EAEU countries in the context of solving the problem of food security in modern economic conditions.To achieve the goal of the study, the followingtasks were set and solved:–to consider the theoretical aspects of the country's food security, the effects and risks of its decline;–to study the world experience of forming food security of countries;–to study the state policy of China in the field of ensuring food security;–to assess the export opportunities in the food sector of the EAEU countries;–to identify and justify promising areas of food exports to the PRC by the EAEU countries, as well as the implementation of joint investment projects in the field of agriculture.The object of the study is trade and economic cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the EAEU countries in the field of ensuring food security.The subject of the study is the substantiation of the main directions of ensuring food security based on the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the EAEU countries, the development of the export potential of states, and the improvement of investment activities.Provisions submitted for defense1. The essence and content of the category "food security" are defined, distinctive characteristics and criteria for assessing the level of food security are identified.2. An assessment of the position of the People's Republic of China in the field of food security is carried out, the evolution of changes in the nutritional structure of the population of the PRC is considered,3. Factors complicating the solution of the food problem in the country, the dependence of the domestic food market of China on imports of food products, and strategic directions for ensuring food security in China are identified.4. The reduction of food security risks in each of the EAEU member states has been revealed, which is primarily facilitated by mutual provision of various types of food products, prospects for the sustainable development of agriculture, ensuring the growth of physical availability of food products in the Union countries, self-sufficiency in basic agricultural products have been established5. The potential for cooperation between the countries of the Eurasian region in the field of agriculture and its importance for solving the food problem in China have been established, as well as the main areas of development of agricultural exports from the EAEU countries to China: commodity structure, volumes, dynamics and prospects for expanding volumes and improving the quality of products.Personal contribution of the applicantThe dissertation is an independently completed scientific study: the provisions submitted for defense have been developed by the author independently, have practical significance, the topic of the dissertation corresponds to the specialty 7-06-0311-01 "Economics".Dissertation approval and information on the use of its resultsThe main provisions, conclusions and results of the dissertation were presented at the 75th scientific and technical conference of pupils, students and master's students, April 22-27, 2024 - Minsk: Belarusian State Technological University. Based on the materials of the dissertation research, an article was published on the topic"The problem of food security and the main directions of its solution in the People's Republic of China".Structure and volume of the dissertationThe dissertation consists of an introduction, a general description of the work, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references. Chapter 1 studies theoretical approaches to the study of the problem of food security, considers the concept of "food security" and its distinctive features, defines the stages of formation of modern approaches to this global problem, and formulates the risks and threats of violating the country's food security. Chapter 2 considers methodological approaches to assessing the food security of states and regions of the world, and provides an overview of the criteria for measuring the level of food security and self-sufficiency of the country in food. The third chapter includes a study of the state policy of China and the countries of the Eurasian region in the field of development of food security, substantiation of the main directions of trade and economic cooperation of the EAEU countries and China in the field of agriculture and ensuring food security of states. The work is presented on 98 pages. The volume occupied by 8 figures, 24 tables and a list of used literature, including 38 sources, is 18 pages.

Topic/subject. Importance of the selected topic of the research is predetermined by the necessity for intensification of production of food products due to increase of population of the Earth. Under the condition of stable agricultural production capacities, it is necessary to look for innovational solutions of increase of production volumes. Growth of production of food products is insufficient for satisfying the needs of the planet’s growing population; growth of food cost makes countries to look for new economic solutions to this situation. High prices for food products make countries limit own food export and increase food reserves. However, these measures have short-term character, as the problems have to be solved globally. Thus, application of innovational technologies in agriculture may become a new vector for modernization of traditional agricultural methods of production and activation of hidden potentials of the sphere. Goal/tasks. The purpose of the research is to substantiate—theoretically and practically—the necessity for search and development of additional mechanisms of provision of high level of food security for the Russian population. According to the set goal, the following tasks are formulated and solved: analysis of situation with dynamics of planet’s population, analysis of the consumer sector and level of its profitability; evaluation of dynamics of real incomes of Russians; conclusion is made on growth of the number of poor citizens, and necessity for search for new solutions to the problem of food security is shown. Methodology. The following methods are used: statistical analysis, financial analysis, and horizontal and vertical analysis of threshold criteria of food security, and the state of income and food provision of the Russian population. Results. For increasing the level of Russia’s food security, it is necessary to provide Russian population with economic access to high-quality food products, which is impossible without state support for agricultural manufacturers and new solutions in this sphere. Conclusions/significance. The value of this work consists in emphasis on external and internal threats to food security of the state, which grow despite the increase of independence on external import.

Aim. To identify the level of food security of Arab countries on the basis of system economic and geographical analysis, to determine the main factors causing the problems of food security of the population of the selected group of states.Methodology. Various geographical methods were applied in the course of the study: cartographic, historical-geographical, comparative-geographical, economic-statistical, as well as elements of system analysis. The differentiation of Arab countries in terms of food situation was carried out by cluster analysis. The Food Availability Index (FAI) for Arab countries was calculated on the basis of a large set of statistical data, showing a wide range of food availability, while comparative-geographical and factor analyses helped to explain the basic reasons for the differentiation of countries in terms of food availability. ArcGIS, Adobe Illustrator, QGIS-maps, and Microsoft Excel programmes were used to construct cartographic materials and charts reflecting the main results of the work.Results. It is shown that the majority of Arab countries in the first two decades of the xxI century had serious problems with food security. The most acute ones are in the states where military conflicts do not subside, first of all in Yemen, Syria and Sudan. Due to objective reasons (lack of fresh water, shortage of fertile land, immaturity of existing productive forces and production relations), the key factor for most countries of the group is the lag between food production and consumer demand. In the Arab region there are multidirectional processes in food supply: malnutrition is increasing in conflict-ridden and low-income countries (Iraq, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan), while obesity is a growing concern in high- and middle-income countries (Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia). International food trade and its volumes are in many cases determined by political motives rather than economic and commercial factors. The analysis reveals the most effective ways to overcome the problems of food security in Arab countries.Research implications. New material on the topic under study is summarized and proposals for achieving food security as the basis of economic security of countries are formulated. It is shown that food security and food security of the countries of the region is mosaic in a wide range and is determined by a large spectrum of economic, social and geopolitical factors. The conducted research has both theoretical and practical significance, in particular for a better understanding of Russia's economic and geopolitical interaction with the Arab countries.

Food security in Indonesia has become a central issue in agricultural development and national development. The problem of food and food security cannot be separated from the context of rice. This is because rice is a staple food consumed by almost all Indonesians. Thus, the availability of rice is an important factor in strengthening national food security. The level of national food security, regional food security must be followed by the achievement of the level of resilience of villages, households and individuals. The role and performance of rice agribusiness institutions are important in the effort to achieve household food security for rice farmers. The objectives of this research are: 1) to analyze the food security level of farmers household; 2) to identify the determinants of food security level; 3) identifying the level of food security with the institutional performance of rice agribusiness. The results of this study indicate that the level of household food security is categorized as food resistance, the determinants of the level of food security are influenced by the number of family members and the income of rice farming. The food resistance category was followed by the institutional performance of PT. Pusri is very good, PT. Pertani is good, Bank of BRI is good, and farmer group institutions are moderate.

The purpose of the article is to study successful experience and to develop new approaches to provision of food security in modern Russian through increase of sustainability of regional economy’s development. Methodology of conduct of scientific research is based on the use of the method of quantitative (statistical) research, as well as the method of induction, deduction, systematization, and formalization. The authors determined presence, essence, reasons, dynamics, and depth of the problem of food security in modern Russia and distinguished peculiarities and drawbacks of subsidizing approach to solving the problem of food security in modern Russia. The main conclusion consists in proving the fact that regional economy of modern Russia is peculiar for the problem of food security. The main reason for emergence of the problem of food security in modern Russia is unsustainable development of regional economy. The subsidizing approach used for solving it over the recent years does not allow closing the gap between the volume of production and consumption of food in Russian economy. The authors developed new approaches to solving the problem of food security in modern Russia oriented at achievement of sustainability of regional economy’s development.

The article examines the issue of food security in the context of business management during wartime. The impact of military operations on the production, quality control and supply of food products, as well as the role of the state in regulating the food sector, is analyzed, and the relevance of food safety in the context of business management during wartime is proven. Regions and the state should participate in the management of production and control of quality food products, ensuring food security. That is why the problem of food security should be relevant and taken into account when choosing a management strategy for any enterprise. Food security in wartime is an extremely important issue. Product quality control, protection against falsification, ensuring compliance of food products with standards - these are the tasks facing enterprises and state bodies. That is why the problem of food security must be relevant and taken into account when choosing a management strategy for any enterprise. The issue of strategic management of food quality in such conditions, in our opinion, requires deeper analysis. Key challenges related to ensuring safe food, maintaining food availability and the impact of economic factors on the agro-industrial complex are identified. Mechanisms are proposed to increase the level of food safety through state control, stimulating innovation and implementing a circular economy. Prospects for the development of the food system under martial law are outlined. Innovative technologies will be able to ensure the survival and revival of Ukraine, which involves the creation of an appropriate effective economic mechanism. The war gave impetus to the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, so the importance of such a mechanism is growing. An innovative mechanism should be understood as a set of economic levers that would help develop innovative products and technologies and implement them at enterprises of all industries. A significant role in this mechanism is assigned to the state, which must form the demand for innovations by purchasing such products, lending, subsidies, tax reductions and other incentives.

1. Introduction The issue of food security escalates every year, as the population of the Earth grows and the climate situation aggravates. At present, the concept of cluster development is used as a key element of the strategies of socio-economic development and provision of food security of the leading countries of the world. Thus, in particular, Danish, Finnish, and Swedish industries are fully clustered. Particular clusters work successfully in Germany (chemistry and machine building), France (production of food and cosmetics), Singapore (petrochemicals), Japan (car industry), and other countries of the world. In developing countries, there is an active discussion as to the possibility of use of cluster approach to the regulation of socio-economic development of regions. Unfortunately, as of now, cluster projects are not being implemented. However, the role of clusters in the development of regions is huge, as they are points of not only the region but of the whole national economy. Cluster, as a territorial and sectorial form of organization of production (through deepening of cooperation between cluster members) stipulates the development of targeted programs for economy development. Cluster policy should be conducted in cooperation with the bodies of state and regional authorities, scientific and research organizations, educational establishments, and business--as only such combination of efforts can lead to a high level of socio-economic development. Actuality of the study of agro-industrial clusters is confirmed by the growth of interest in the development of cooperation and creation of agro-industrial clusters (agricultural clusters) in various developed countries. The article offers a hypothesis that agricultural clusters stipulate the increase of food security in developing countries. This research is devoted to the verification of this hypothesis. 2. Materials and Methods The idea of cluster approach became especially popular in the recent decade, though the foreign founders of the theory of clustering have been developing this sphere for quite some time, for the purpose of creation of mechanisms of industrial policy, aimed at provision of economic growth, competitiveness of enterprises and their production (services). The issues of cluster associations are reflected in the works of such famous researchers as Garthwaite, K.A., P.J. Collins and C.Bambra, He, J., Jacknowitz, A., T. Morrissey and A. Brannegan, Maitra, C. and D.S.P.Rao. The statistics of The Global Food Security Index for 2014 in developed and developing countries is shown in Table 1. As is seen from Table 1, the problem of food security is especially urgent in developing countries, which necessitates the search for effective tools for increasing the food security, one of which is creation of agricultural clusters. For determining the role of agricultural clusters in provision of economic security of modern countries and regions, the following methods are used: methods of comparative and problem analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and analysis of statistical information. At present, there is no single approach or method of evaluation of the level of food security. In one case, the provision of food security is viewed as sustainable development of agro-industrial complex, in the other--as a level of self-provision of population by food products (Chirkina and Ioda, 2012). In the international statistics, food security is measured by the level of calorific capacity of daily ration of the population. However, this indicator, as the other average statistical indicators, has some drawbacks. Firstly, each nation has its preferences in consumption of food products. Secondly, in order to understand the level of food security, it is important to take into account the differentiation of population as to the level of income per capita--as with allowable limits of average values, there can be a situation when significant layers of population will experience the lack of food (Chirkina, 2013). …

The problem of food security is global in the context of sanctions and conflicts. The study is devoted to the assessment of the level of food security of the Russian Federation. The paper assesses the current level of food security in Russia based on the analysis of trends in the development of the agro-industrial complex, and also identifies threats and challenges to Russia’s food security at the present stage. The research is based on statistical data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, as well as analysis methods including computational and constructive, monographic, economic and statistical, comparative and system analysis, synthesis, etc. The article suggests measures to strengthen Russia’s food security, taking into account the unpredictable development of the Russian economy. The results of the work make it possible to conclude that, despite the problems, the Russian agro-industrial complex successfully provides food to the population of the country and continues to gain momentum in the export of products. Russian scientists clarify the concept of innovation, the latest threats, problems of food security in individual countries and regions. The situation is aggravated by such factors as the imposition of sanctions on persons related to agricultural assets, the impact of sanctions on transportation and finance, and other restrictions, bikies. The Ukrainian crisis and Western restrictions against Russia are damaging food stability at both regional and country-wide, global levels.

1. Introduction In the modern global economy, countries actively cooperate, exchanging goods and services. However, some countries are export-oriented and gain advantages from international trade while preserving national production, and other countries import too much and lose national sovereignty, with their own production declining and taking them into a trap, with them being unable to independently satisfy internal demand. The general quantitative criterion of measuring the level of import dependence of countries is the trade balance. Significant excess of import over export is critical and threatens national security of the country. However, an important role here belongs to high-quality analysis of foreign economic activities of the country. A person can survive without most of goods and services, so their import is not critical, while dependence on the import of so-called inferior or essential goods is a serious threat, as a person cannot live without them. The essential goods include accommodation, basic clothes, and food. Need for construction and basic textile production, is, as a rule, satisfied by internal production, but many countries cannot independently satisfy their internal demand for food products. This brings up a problem of food security. That's why the most serious threat is posed by country's dependence on food import. The reason for such dependence is lack or low level of agribusiness and, correspondingly, elimination of this reason allows solving the problem of national food security. This causes the topicality of study of perspectives and search for new tools of agribusiness development. This research offers the hypothesis that concessional lending is a perspective tool of agribusiness development. The purpose of the article is to verify this hypothesis, determine the advantages, and develop recommendations for the use of concessional lending for agribusiness development. 2. Subject The object of the research is agribusiness in non-food countries. The topic of the research is organizational & economic and managerial connections and relations which emerge in the process of use of concessional lending as a tool of development of agribusiness in non-food countries. Non-food countries are countries that do not specialize in agricultural production due to unfavorable natural and climatic situation, but are interested in development of national agribusiness for provision of national food security. 3. Materials and methods Analysis of works of modern scientists on the problem of development of agribusiness showed that most of research is devoted to substantiation of expedience and necessity for development of agribusiness; among them are the works of (Garthwaite et al., 2015), (He, 2015), (Jacknowitz et al., 2015), (Maitra & Rao, 2015), (Mazaeva and Rogachev, 2012), and (Bannikova et al., 2015). Also, a large number of works are oriented at allocation of national peculiarities of development of agribusiness and solving the problems of particular socio-economic systems, related to provision of food security: (Grouiez, 2012), (Bernardes, 2015), and (Medernach & Burnod, 2013). However, there is a lack of research, devoted to the search for perspective tools of development of agribusiness which are universal for various countries, which reflects the necessity for further studies in this sphere. As a method for determining the perspectives of development of agribusiness, this work uses SWOT-analysis. Also, the article uses the method of factor analysis for allocation of the factors of agribusiness development, method of institutional analysis for allocation of current and innovational means of influencing these factors, and method of problem analysis for determining the ley problems of development of agribusiness and search for their solution. In order to determine the limits of the research and simplify the work with the research object, the work uses the methods of modeling of socio-economic systems and systemic analysis. …

This thesis discusses and analyses the problem of food safety and the teikei (提携in Japanese)cooperative practices, which is usually translated as Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)in English, in solving the problem of food safety in Japan from the perspective of economic anthropology. It is based on a case study on Kansai Yotsuba Association (KYA), one of the earliest teikei in Japan.
\nReviewing the practices and movements in dealing with food related problems, including the problem of food safety, the problem of food security, sustainable development for small farmers, small processing workshops and small merchants, I argue that the main challenges lay in the adjustment of food systems with cooperative approaches of basically four formats: cooperative practices of small farmers; co-op practices of consumers; teikei/CSA practices of the cooperative between small farmers and consumers, including the farmer’s market; and the further developed comprehensive practices of the Alternative Agri-food Network (AAFNs)and Alternative Food Networks (AFNs). This thesis’ main concern lies on the latter two formats of practices which also represent the KYA’s main fields of engagement. 
\nCooperative practices are approaches to guarantee food safety and security through adjusting its format of production, procession, circulation and consumption, which used to be controlled by the market, under the domination of multi-national consortia of corporate agribusiness. The practices of teikei and AAFNs, the reciprocal cooperation of the direct distribution system between producers and consumers has shown us the deficiencies of the ‘invisible hand’ organizing economic behavior orderly in the market while raising questions of sustainability from an economic, social, cultural and ecological standpoint and challenged the basic premises of the “homo oeconomicus” in neoliberal economics.
\nThe cooperative movement and its practices have attracted multidisciplinary attention in academia, yielding insights from fields as diverse as economics, organization, agriculture, and social movement, as well as the anthropology of food. However, this latter approach tended to focus on cultural issues connected with food safety and food way, while ignoring the fact that food production is also an industry. To address this shortcoming, this thesis adopts/proposes an economic anthropological approach.
\nAt the same time, I argue that food production is more than an industry, because food production more closely resembles the exploitation of other natural resources (like oil, gas, coal, so on), in that its origins lie in nature, the soil, air, water. It is only after human intervention that plants and animals produce ‘food’, which is then subjected to business calculations, with the circle of input-profits-recapitalization-input, which is the common logic for other industry managed as a business. But as the primary goods, food is converted from natural ‘materials’, most of them are non-renewable; the ‘production’ of food needs to abide by ethical principles. Secondly, the logic of food’s circulation is different from other commodities, as the right to nutritional subsistence is tantamount to the right to live. As a result, the supply of food is a central public good, which needs to follow imperatives of fair distribution prior to assuming characteristics as commodities. Both of these characteristics of food have determined the distinction between food and any secondary good which is made of mainly reproducible materials. In this way, when food production and food distribution are run as businesses, we have to also take the sustainability of nature and sustainability of the concerned social groups into account. In a sum, food can’t be managed or treated as an ordinary industry. 
\nIn stark contrast to the extraordinary nature of food, the empirical reality shows that the exchange of food in most areas on earth is being run as a kind of business. Bridging the gap between the ethics of food and the business of food has become a big challenge. The questions surrounding this challenge were a major source of motivation in writing this thesis. The following chapters seek to make an academic contribution to addressing them.

In the contemporary conditions, a lot of scholars’ attention has been focused on the problem of food security, both in the country as a whole and in its individual regions. An assessment of the level of food security should be made both at the international and at the Russian level, i.e., at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Appropriate management decisions to address food security issues must be adopted. The research paper clearly shows that there is no single methodology for assessing the level of food security in the region. As a result of generalization of existing approaches, the authors proposed a comprehensive assessment of the level of food security in the region. The proposed system of indicators was tested using the Nizhny Novgorod region as a case. A comprehensive analysis of the food security indicators of the region by basic food products allowed us to identify problems and priority areas for their solution. The study relies on analytical research methods, including mathematical and comparative analysis. The proposed methodology for assessing indicators characterizing food security criteria can be used in the regional agricultural management system at the federal and local levels.

Before the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was 280 ppm and in time increasing fossil fuels use increased CO2 concentration up to 416 ppm in a preset time. Meanwhile, increasing population growth (around 8 billion) has also started to put serious pressure on soil ecosystem for more food production demand. With the demand for more food production, intensive chemical inputs and soil cultivation practices applied to the soil has increased the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere. Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere triggers global warming and climate change which is negatively affect plant growth and consequently food security. In order to ensure food security under climate change conditions, it seems that the need to re-enact nature's own mechanisms has arisen. In this context, it is aimed to reduce the effect of climate changes by keeping more carbon as a sink by operating the effects of plant root mechanisms on the soil health according to ecological principles. Under long term filed conditions the effects of different soil-plant managements, especially mycorrhiza fungi, were investigated. Since 1996, several researches have been carried out under long-term field studies to see the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and other microorganisms on carbon sequestration, as well as the emission of CO2 from the greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Regularly CO2 flux, emissions, photosynthesis rate, C, N sequestration and yield parameters are measured. Data are yearly evaluated. Results revealed that under long-term field conditions, organic fertilizers application and mycorrhizal inoculation sequestered more carbon in soil profile. It has been shown that, using animal manure, compost, biochar, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi significantly kept more carbon in plant tissue and soil. It is determined that there is an increase of 1.5 ppm CO2 concentration in atmosphere per year. It has been determined that especially long-term addition of organic matter and management of natural mycorrhizae increase soil organic carbon and accordingly soil quality and productivity increase. As the effect of climate change and population growth have significant negative impact on food security, definitely a new agriculture revelation is needed to overcome of climate and food security problem. Soil and plant management must be managed according to low-input ecological principles.

The Big Question

Ensuring food security is the main issue in solving socio-political problems. The severity and scale of poor-quality nutrition of the world's population are justified by socio-economic factors, which allows us to understand the directions of its solution. Uncontrolled food production and consumption can lead to a catastrophe for humanity. In modern conditions of high uncertainty on world markets in general, on food markets in particular, the intensification of global problems such as climate change and the spread of the pandemic, as well as the conditions in which Russia is placed today in international trade and economic relations, the problem of food security is becoming more urgent than ever before. Food security is one of the strategic components of the national security of the state, the provision of which is defined as the main priority of the agrarian policy of Russia. Only the development of own production will ensure food independence. Of particular importance is the achievement of the maximum level of food security of the country as a result of the substitution of imports of critically important food, as well as everything necessary for their production. Agriculture and the food industry play a decisive role in ensuring food security. The consequences of the pandemic have affected the provision of regional and national food security: the problem of economic accessibility of food has worsened due to a sharp drop in consumer incomes and rising unemployment; the culture of food consumption has changed; a shortage of food has formed, artificially created by consumers themselves due to the general hype; the stop of active export-import operations due to the closure of borders It has led to the complication of logistics chains and a sharp increase in food prices. Within the framework of the study, the scientific and educational component of ensuring global, national and regional food security was studied: the main problems in the field of vocational training and retraining of specialists of processing industries in new crisis conditions were identified, a list of promising areas for the development of scientific directions with subsequent application of the results in the agro-industrial complex industry, as well as the necessary technologies for deep processing of food raw materials needed to increase the level of regional and national food security. A number of recommendations are proposed to ensure effective interaction of scientific, scientific and educational organizations, enterprises of the real sector of the economy and the administration of the Voronezh region.