선진시기 ‘非’의 이중부정 연구

Abstract

This research focuses on semantic and syntactic properties of pre-Qin double negators by categorizing negators that combine with the negator ‘非’ which emerged in the pre-Qin period. Scholastic views regarding such double negation vary in syntactical aspect, and they also vary regarding functions and meanings of the double negatory structure categories. Thus this research surveys semantic and syntactic aspects of pre-Qin double negations, on the basis of double negatory forms found in model pre-Qin literatures: Analects, Zuo zhuan, Mencius, Guoyu, Han Feizi. This research also surveys how the Ancient Chinese negator ‘非’ was differentiated and vested as Modern Chinese ‘不’ ‘沒’.<BR> 1. This research categorizes and analyzes double negation types of the pre-Qin period based upon the exemplified model literatures of the time. Every types of negators that combine with the negator ‘非’ are to be categorized and analyzed. The analyzed statistic will serve to examine functions and meanings of the pre-Qin negator ‘非’ in sentence structures.<BR> According to the that, the negators in Analects, Zuo zhuan, Mencius, Guoyu, Han Feizi are once again sorted as ‘幫母’ and ‘明母’ which are the pre-Qin categories of initials; negators that belong to the ‘幫母’ are vested as ‘p-negators’ and those belonging to the ‘明母’ as ‘m-negators’, and each categories are to be surveyed on the basis of sentence structure.<BR> 2. Negators that combine in front of the negator ‘非’ are only attested as ‘不, 非’ (p-negators) and ‘無, 莫, 未’ (m-negators). The form [Negator-1 +非] may seem as [+ double negation] but it is the negator ‘非’ that has [- negation] feature in the form [Negator-1 +非]. The forms [無+非] and [莫+非] are both double negatory sentences ([+double negation] forms) with meanings of [+strong affirmation]. Thus the ‘p-negator’ in front of the negator ‘非’ is [-double negation].<BR> 3. The negators preceded by the negator ‘非’ are as follows: ‘不, 弗, 非’ as the p-negators, and the ‘無, 莫, 勿, 亡’ as the m-negators. The form [非+negator-2] makes accordance with structure and meaning of double negatory sentence, but the forms [非+X+negator-2] and [非+XY+negator-2] are shown diversely as [+double negation], [+conditional negation], [+prohibitory negation].<BR> 4. The double negatory forms may be explained as meanings of ‘不是’, ‘沒有’ or ‘不要’ in Modern Chinese. The negator ‘非’ functions as [+ negatory verb]. It tells us that the negators that combine with ‘非’ are ‘不, 非, 無’. Such negator is very basic negator with unmarkedness. <BR> 5. The double negation forms found in the colloquial Modern Chinese are ‘非... 不可’, ‘非... 非’ and ‘不... 非’. There is no pattern ‘非... 不可’ found in pre-Qin literatures, but ‘非... 非’ is attested once each in Zuo Zhuan and Book of Han. Therefore the double negatory forms in Modern Chinese cannot be regarded as double negatory sentences, considering that they have already occured in pre-Qin period but have [-strong affirmation] feature semantically.