Методи оцінювання рослин обліпихи крушиноподібної (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) за резистентністю до збудників хвороб у селекції на адаптивність

Abstract

The methods of the common sea buckthorn plants evaluation concerning their to diseases causative agents resistance in the agrocoenoses of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and its network were elaborated on the basis of generalizing the phytopathological researches methodology as well as those methods importance in the breeding on the adaptability substantiated. The bioecological peculiarities and morphological symptoms of the pathogens appearance, namely: Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, Verticillium dahliae Klebahn, Fusarium camptoceras, Wollenw. & Reinking, Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, Fusarium acuminatum, Wollenw., Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendal та F. sporotrichioides Sherb., Monilia altaica А. Zukov., Stigmina hippophaes А. Zukov, Monochaetia ampelophila Auktorsnamn (Speg.), T.R. Nag Raj, Fomitiporia hippophaeicola (H. Jahn) Fiasson & Niemelä, Phoma elaeagnella Cooke, Coryneum elaeagni, Sphaeropsis malorum М.J. Berkeley, Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) E.M. Fries, Coniothecium epidermidis Corda, Alternaria tenuis Nees, Cytospora hippophaes Thüm. and others were described and the measures of their control considered as well as the ways assessing the investigated crop plants resistance against the diseases caused by the above mentioned causative agents. Besides, the methods were developed of the explored crop plants estimating as regards the basic fungal diseases resistance as well as the effective ways of the control of the main pathogens of the bacterial and fungal diseases. The evaluation of the plant damage by pathogens must be carried out in the orchards of different age. For example, the degree of the Hippophae rhamnoides L. resistance to fusarium wilt in the orchards needs be assessed within 5-6 years after planting. In the common sea buckthorn mother gardens on the older branches, it is necessary to control the causative agent Fomitiporia hippophaeicola. Its spread occurs in case of the branches injury when a plant management or harvesting or under the influence of the unfavourable abiotic factors. The studied crop phomosis seedlings is caused by the fungus Phoma elaeagnella, the display manifestation of which is also observed on the woody or soft cuttings in the nursery or film covers. Root necrosis brought by the fungus Coryneum elaeagni can be often fixed on the planting stock in the plants root. Alternaria the of plants Hippophae rhamnoides L., the causative agent of which is an tinber fungus Alternaria tenuis can be indicated by the drying in the branches of the lower story. When young twigs are affected by the fungus Plowrightia hippophaes (Dothidea hippophaes Fuckel, 1868), the causative agent of the ulcerative necrosis of the bark are numerous necrotic areas that cause rapid plant death. The infection stays in the affected plants wood, so it must be disposed from the plants. The researcher crop plants affected by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. hippophaeis decelerate the growth processes. In the breeding process attention should be paid to other causative agents of the studied crop, in particular, the species Phomopsis elaeagnicola, which causes the disease phomopsis, blight, that is "dead hand". Cytospora hippophaes, which is the sea buckthorn cytosporosis pathogen, has a significant parasitic effect, colonizing both living and dead branches that are not resistant to changing winter conditions, as well as early spring frosts when the appropriate agrotechnics is absent. The uncontrolled development of the hyphal fungus Coniothecium epidermidis brings about the fruitful branches drying, the fruit skin covering spherically with a black dense powdery layer. Besides, with the absence of the appropriate control the soil parasitic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium mycoparasiticum, Phytophthora irrigata cause the significant plants losses (up to 30 %). Therefore, in the Hippophae rhamnoides L. breeding on adaptability use the quality planting stock should be pruning, collection and burning of all the affected dry branches, must be carried out as well as the disinfection of cuts and mechanical damage with the 1 % solution of the copper sulfate and puttying them with the oil paint. It should be noted that the alternative to chemicals in the phytopathogenic bacteria control can be biological means on the basis of antagonistical bacteria, including the genera Bacillus and Streptomyces. One of the priority strategies for the fungal and bacterial diseases control is growing resistant cultivars.