Abstract
The article deals with the issue related to development of dialectics in opposite to sophistry in the classical antique philosophy. The author examines the special features of the antique rationalism as the premises of dialectics formation in the antique philosophy. The author considers the epistemological basis and negative consequences of the relativistic positions of the sophists in the cognition and moral being. Then the author traces a continuity in understanding the meaning of dialectics as a method of searching for the essence (truth) connected with a dialogic conceptual form of rational cognition in the Socrates’, Plato’s and Aristotle’s studies. It is stated in the paper that classical antique dialectics was developed as a method of true knowledge of the ideal essences as the universal constructive intelligible reasons of rational cognition and human exist-ence. Also it was the discipline about the first universal transcendental principles of all sciences conceived by reason and method of research of scientific and philosophical problems. The paper shows the application of dialectics in the study of the ethical and socio-political aspects of human existence. The author makes the conclusion that the dialectics researches of the universal reasons of rational cognition and human existence, connected with the objective forms of being and antique rationality, is characterized by an orientation on the deep interrelation of problems of cognition and moral being.
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