Запечатленная память: социологический анализ практик коммеморации

Abstract

Article is devoted to judgment of a phenomenon of cultural memory as steady system of the significant ideas of the past broadcast in generally - symbolical forms and generating social valuable behavioral models. Cultural memory acts as the central semantic kernel of a large number of both foreign, and domestic researches which all variety can be divided into three types conditionally: “archival” (memory understanding as conservative of socially demanded information in a format of social experience); “active” (memory understanding as mechanism of the translator of social experience); “integrative” (the uniting both approaches to interpretation of essence of memory). One of forms of an objectification of content of cultural memory is the commemoration understood as set public collective the practician, the values and behavior models directed to formation through ritually issued deduction and reproduction in the relevant culture of the significant for group, symbolically expressed ideas of the past. Intrinsic lines of a commemoration it is possible to call: collective character, publicity (representation of interests of a certain group), institutionality (purposeful organization), emotional involvement of participants into memorial action. Structurally the commemoration can be presented as follows: commemorative kernel (reason for the act of commemoration), commemorative symbol (valuable “loop” of a commemorative kernel) and commemorative function (target vector of a commemoration). Functions of integration, maintenance of identity, socialization, visualization, compensation act as commemorative functions. The variety commemorative practician can be systematized by their tipologization on various to the bases: on existence duration: short-term and long-term; on subject of a commemorative kernel (personalized, it is event - procedural, topographical); in a form (a parade, a procession, assignment of a name, opening of a commemorative plaque, erection of a monument, etc.); on chronological localization of a commemorative kernel (retrofocused and updated); by origin (authentic and borrowed); on distribution scale (global, local, regional, subcultural); on an emotional message (constructive and destructive); on the nature of action (procedural and static); by the origin nature (natural and artificial), etc. The sociological analysis three commemorative practician - names of streets, opening of commemorative plaques and monuments on the example of Chelyabinsk is presented in this article (the analyzed period from 1991 to 2016). Authors compare the territorial and chronological bases of names, types of their representation (the personality, an event, the place), reveal the most popular subject and figurative and symbolical designs of commemoration. As the general conclusion following the results of a research it is possible to note the following. In terms of territorial localization commemorative practicians are mainly connected with local history (the regional focused character); temporal - with the XX century, mainly Soviet period (the retro focused type); substantial - with reflection of achievements of outstanding persons (the personal focused type).