РАЗРАБОТКА КЕРАМИЧЕСКИХ ТЕПЛОГЕНЕРИРУЮЩИХ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ КОЛЛЕКТОРОВ-ПЛИТ

From the highest political ruling institute through the Amir of the State of Kuwait, the country announced its keenness to meet 15% of the local energy demand from renewable sources by 2030. Since the announcement in 2012, there has not been an effective assignment toward the goal. Up to date, the country's annual total energy generation from renewable technology systems is less than 1%. Furthermore, current indications imply that Kuwait will not reach the renewable energy target by 2030.This paper models the current system structure in pursuing the transition toward energy sustainability in Kuwait, focusing on renewable energy. The model development method is carried out by utilizing data and information on the performance and trends of Kuwait's energy system and related implications. Moreover, it incorporates efforts that local institutions have taken toward the development of a sustainable energy system. The model is based on a “push-pull” concept that identifies the main gaps in the current system and the barriers facing the deployment of renewable energy technologies. The development system lacks enablers involving legal and regulatory frameworks, supporting infrastructure, proper financing policies, and above all, a political will that fosters these enablers. Evidence suggests that renewable energy and clean technologies do not have sufficient potential impact on the country's economy and, therefore, they are trivial to the country's political system. Policy acts are suggested to imbed renewable and clean technologies within the country's economy to gain political popularity. Consequent implications may lead to profitable investments and social benefits, mitigating negative geopolitical impacts on the country's energy security.

The article deals with discussing scientific, practical and methodological approaches to determining the assessment of countries' energy security and reliability, regardless of whether they have their own energy resources or importing it. To ensure their own economic and energy security, each state must constantly implement legal, economic and administrative measures aimed at protecting its national interests, while relying on a long-term strategy.It’s worth noting the fact that the definition of the category "energy security" should contain technological and economic components, combined in some way. That is, in the modern sense, the energy security guarantee is the achievement of a technically reliable, stable, costeffective and environmentally balanced provision of energy resources to the needs of the economy and the population, as well as the creation of conditions for the formation and implementation of a policy to protect national interests in the energy sector.The article discusses indicators that contribute to the growth of economic stability of energy enterprises and, consequently, countries' energy security. With the help of these indicators, the capabilities of the selected outsourcers are compared, and also analyzes the feasibility of a contract form or the feasibility of creating a separate enterprise, on the basis of which the existing divisions for the production of energy products of diversified production, will ensure the country's energy security. The article emphasizes 3 countries with the highest level of energy security – the UK, Russia and Belgium. Russia due to natural resources, Great Britain and Belgium due to internal economic potential. The European Union is forced to import almost all energy resources and ensuring energy security has become a critical issue on the European Union agenda. The EU has the largest energy supplies among the regions of the world, approximately 15% of the entire world market. At the same time, the gap between production and consumption of solid fuel is very large, more than in the United States. The main supplier of Europe is Russia, which to some extent puts European countries in a dependent position. Therefore, an important area of European policy is the energy supplies diversification and ensuring the country's energy security. From the point of view of determining the future role of energy carriers in the European countries energy supply, it is important to evaluate the main factors that determined considered in the article trends in world energy consumption. It is worth noting that almost every energy carrier has a technological niche, where its use is predominant or even exclusive. Therefore, it is very important for the countries of the European Union to achieve the highest level of energy security and independence.

This article presents a research study in the field of formation and implementation of Russian oil and gas policy, which has a decisive role in the development and functioning of the country's energy sector, its energy security, as well as for increasing revenues. The current relations between actors in the European gas market, which is expected to remain an important sector in Russian economy in the medium term, are assessed in the contexts of the risks and threats experienced by gas exporters. The role and place of the Russian Federation in gas export to China as an important element of the Russian Eastern Gas Policy and Energy Security Doctrine is discussed. Following an analysis of information from official sources, research publications and reports presented in the mass media, a substantiation of the urgency of the problem and the directions of its solution is given. The conducted study revealed that the oil and gas sector in Russia remains the most important component of the country's fuel and energy complex. Stable export of oil and gas is key for the oil and gas industry, contributing to the country's energy security. It is noted that, in the medium term, Russia will preserve at least 30% of the European gas market. At the same time, the energy policy of the European Union, anti-Russian economic sanctions and the excess of gas supply over demand are forcing Russia to significantly reduce the cost of exported gas in order to maintain its segment in the European gas market. The forecasted risks and threats to the "western vector" of the Russian gas policy determine the necessity to diversify gas export markets. In this regard, it seems reasonable to implement of the "Eastern Gas Policy" as an element of the energy strategy in the eastern regions, aimed at the widespread use of natural gas for domestic needs and export supplies. The emerging strategic partnership with China is determined not only by the energy partnership, which is acquiring new initiatives, but is also characterised by a wider sphere of relations, including economic and political cooperation. At the same time, economic cooperation in the gas sector is aimed primarily at ensuring the possibility of diversifying gas supplies to Chinese regions having a developed demand. In the current financial and economic situation in the energy market in the western direction, Russia is often forced to accept China’s conditions. The research results demonstrate that the Russian oil and gas complex retains key positions in the country's energy sector and economy. Currently, the process of active spatial development of the fuel and energy complex in the East of the country is observed, while in the long run both the “western” and “eastern” vectors of Russia's gas policy remain. Strengthening trade, economic and political cooperation between Russia and China in the medium and long term will lead to a significant increase in energy cooperation on mutually beneficial conditions.

Introduction. The organization of partnership relations between the state and business in the field of energy security of Ukraine requires a comprehensive approach based on joint responsibility, transparency, mutually beneficial cooperation and innovative development. The main principles of interaction between the state and business in the field of energy security are the principle of joint responsibility; the principle of transparency and openness; the principle of mutually beneficial cooperation; the principle of sustainable development; the principle of innovativeness; principle of legal regulation; the principle of cyber security; the principle of adaptability. The implementation of these principles will ensure the stability of the country's energy system, contribute to the attraction of investments in the field of renewable energy and increase national security as a whole. Each country has developed its own approaches to the organization of partnership between business and government in the field of energy security, has its own peculiarities in the management of the energy sector, depending on political, economic and geographical factors. How successfully companies will be able to join forces with the state and public organizations in the formation of an active social development strategy will depend on the competitiveness and efficiency of the business itself. Individual states are gradually losing the ability to independently form internal socio-economic policies, giving way to transnational corporations. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to form a system of principles of effective partnership between business and government in the field of energy security of Ukraine based on the methodology of developed countries of the world. Materials and methods. The methodology of this study is based on a comprehensive approach that covers theoretical and practical aspects of interaction between business and government in the field of energy security of Ukraine. To achieve the goals of the study, a number of methods were used to examine partnerships between the public and private sectors at various levels, as well as to investigate their impact on the country's energy security. The results. The main principles of interaction between the state and business in the field of energy security are the principle of joint responsibility; the principle of transparency and openness; the principle of mutually beneficial cooperation; the principle of sustainable development; the principle of innovativeness; principle of legal regulation; the principle of cyber security; the principle of adaptability. The first stage of the research was the development of existing theories and concepts on energy security, as well as the interaction between business and the state in economic and social processes. An important aspect of this stage is the analysis of the legal framework of Ukraine, which regulates energy issues and partnership relations between the public and private sectors. Attention was paid to regulatory documents such as the "Law of Ukraine on Energy", as well as international agreements and standards that affect the energy sector of Ukraine. The theoretical analysis also covered the study of scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers on energy security, public-private partnership (PPP) models in different countries and their effectiveness in the context of energy strategies. The application of a systemic approach allowed considering energy security as a multifactorial process covering political, economic, technical and environmental aspects. This approach contributed to the identification of the main elements of energy security and the interaction between business and government, which affect the development of the energy sector. The system analysis made it possible to consider the energy security of Ukraine as a component of national security, as well as to assess the role of the partnership between the state and business in this process. In particular, an analysis of energy threats, possible scenarios for the development of the energy sector of Ukraine and potential ways of overcoming them through cooperation between the state and the private sector was carried out. Empirical data was used to analyze real examples of partnership between business and the state in the field of energy security of Ukraine. In particular, an analysis of successful PPP projects in the energy sector, such as the construction and modernization of energy infrastructure, the introduction of renewable energy sources and the improvement of energy efficiency, was carried out. The method of comparative analysis was used to assess the effectiveness of partnership relations between business and government. In particular, the experience of the countries of the European Union in the field of partnership organization in the energy sector was analyzed. Particular attention is paid to countries with similar conditions to Ukraine, such as Poland and Lithuania, as well as their models of cooperation between state structures and business to ensure energy independence. The comparison made it possible to single out the key aspects of a successful partnership and identify the main problems that stand in the way of implementing effective PPPs in Ukraine, in particular, the issues of corruption, bureaucracy and the lack of clear control mechanisms for project implementation. Prospects. Strengthening energy security requires an effective partnership between the state and business, as both parties play a key role in the development, implementation and maintenance of infrastructure and strategies,

Енергетична безпека, як питання державного управління, виникло наприкінці ХХ століття, і залишається актуальним і сьогодні. Крім того, політичні та економічні зміни в сучасному світі мали великий вплив на зростання наукового інтересу до цієї теми. Набутий за минулий період досвід реалізації енергетичної безпеки та поява нових вимірів її забезпечення потребують комплексного дослідження та подальших спеціальних досліджень у сфері державного регулювання. У цьому контексті доцільно визначити загальну проблемну область теорії енергетичної безпеки в контексті національного управління. Адже, для будь-якої науки велике значення мають понятійні прийоми, що відображають сутність, закономірності та особливості явищ, що вивчаються. Невизначеність та різне тлумачення фундаментальних понять і принципів у певній науковій галузі можуть призвести до непорозумінь серед дослідників. Концептуальна узгодженість сприяє діалогу між науковцями та допомагає досягнути консенсусу в цій проблемній сфері. Виходячи з цього, метою статті є аналізі характерних особливостей забезпечення енергетичної безпеки країни та факторів, що на неї впливають. Дослідження, результати якого висвітлює запропонована стаття, фокусується на ідентифікації та аналітичній оцінці впливу геополітичних змін, насамперед війни в Україні, на глобальну енергетичну безпеку та її стійкість. Визначено, що поняття «енергетична безпека» полягає в захищеності всієї енергосфери від можливих небезпек, здатних порушити безперебійне постачання країни енергією. Ідентифіковано деструктивні чинники, що мають вагомий вплив на здійснення енергетичного переходу, до числа яких можна віднести монополізацію критичних ресурсів, які є незамінними для стійкого глобального енергетичного переходу, що, як планується, матиме низьку вуглецеву компоненту. Також наведені різні авторські дефініції категорії «енергетична безпека» та проведений.

Creation of a single European energy space is impossible without proper and rapid assessment of the level of energy supply of the country. Depending on the specifics of regional development, indicators for assessing the level of energy security are different. Therefore, the study of the methodology for assessing the current state of the resource supply of the multifaceted energy system of the country is an important and topical task of the country's management. The proposed methodology for an integrated assessment of the economic security level is characterized by the use of the multiplicative form of the integrated index and contains a number of additional recent indices; simultaneous normalization of indices and their threshold values by a common normalizing function; substantiation of the threshold value vector; as well as by a formalized definition of weighting factors, which allows to compare the dynamics of the integrated index with integrated threshold values on one scale, i.e. correctly identify the state of economic security. The theoretical approaches to the integrated assessment of the country's energy security level have been analyzed and summarized and an evaluation methodology has been proposed that differs from the previous ones in that it allows to assess in detail the energy security level in the regional context. The paper describes the results of developing a methodology for assessing Ukraine's energy security based on an indicative approach. The methodology for predicting threats to the country's energy security has been provided. The numerical values and data sources of Ukraine's energy security indices have been presented.Keywords: energy security, indicative analysis, threats, prediction, fuel and energy resources, modeling, assessment of the energy security level.JEL Classifications: O11; P28; R11; Q43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7679

Introduction. Today, given the many facts of the impact on the country's energy security that have taken place and continue to take place, the process of strengthening energy security continues to be actively discussed. At the same time, it seems logical to ask how the regulations in Ukraine contributed to this, how effective, logical, timely they were, and so on. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the processes of state regulation of the electricity sector as one of the main systems for strengthening energy security is needed. The purpose of the article is to study the features of state regulation of the electricity sector as a basis for strengthening energy security. The article analyzes a number of scientific publications, based on which we can conclude that today one of the important tasks of the state is to regulate and control the activities of electricity companies, as their operation directly affects the strengthening of energy security. It is established that the essence of scientific research is to determine the functional practices and trends of certain economic phenomena, and in our case the development of the electricity market and the tools of its regulation. It is proved that the developed investment and innovation policy in the field of electricity promotes the development of the industry and strengthens its position in the international market. The normative and legal support of the development of the electric power sphere is investigated and the main problems of development of the studied branch are outlined. The current state and dynamics of development of the electric power industry are analyzed. The article substantiates the essence and features of state regulation of the electri-city market with the definition of the main problems and ways to level them. A number of manage-ment actions aimed at high-quality information support of the electricity sector are proposed, which is extremely important today in terms of strengthening the country's energy security. Key words: state regulation, energy security, electric power branch, investments.

The problem of ensuring the country's energy security becomes especially acute in the context of international sanctions and the decline in the country's investment appeal. Low investment activity entails negative consequences for the future development of the economy and its industries. Insufficient funding of the national energy sector could lead to a slowdown in the rate of commissioning of new generating capacity and the emergence of a shortage of electricity in the long term, and could pose a serious threat to the country's energy security. In this article, the issue of research of macroeconomic consequences of materialization of certain strategic threats to energy security is considered as an important independent task integral to making projections. To solve it, we propose to use an original optimization economic and mathematical model that describes non-stationary paths of economic development with time-varying technological coefficients of the "input-output" matrix. We have obtained the following main results in the course of the study: we have determined the mechanism of the influence of investment shortage on the energy security of the country; we have made a projection of the macroeconomic damage from the consequences of the investment shortage in the economy and the energy sector of the country for one of the scenarios of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period 2025-2040; we have analyzed the consequences of the reduction in electricity supply to consumers due to the lack of investment in the electric power industry. The study performed attests to the complexity and necessity of such assessments in order to improve the stability and continuity of energy supply to consumers in the long term.

In this study we aimed to determine the extent to which changes in the share of renewable energy sources, their structural complex, and the level of energy security in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) countries in the medium- and long-term are interconnected. The study was performed through modeling and determination of the structural characteristics of energy security in the countries. The methodology of the approach to modeling was based on solving the problem of nonlinear optimization by selecting a certain scenario. For the study, the data of EECCA countries were used. The ability of EECCA countries to benefit from long-term indirect and induced advantages of the transformation period depends on the extent to which their domestic supply chains facilitate the deployment of energy transformation and induced economic activity. This study provides an opportunity to assess the degree of influence of renewable energy sources on the level of energy security of countries in the context of energy resource diversification. The high degree of influence of renewable energy sources on energy security in the EECCA countries has been proven in the implementation of the developed scenarios for its increase. Energy security is growing. At the same time, its level depends not only on an increase in the share of renewable sources but also on the structure of energy resources complex of countries, and the development of various renewable energy sources. Therefore, today the EECCA countries are forced not only to increase the share of renewable energy sources but also to attach strategic importance to the structural content of their energy complex.

Objective. To analyse the trends and opportunities for the development of information and communication technologies, digitalisation of the economy and the use of renewable energy sources as one of the main elements of the basis for innovative development of the national economy and society. Results. The article considers the essence of the concept of ?innovation?, analyses the trends in the development of information and communication and digital technologies, the level of use of renewable energy sources as a basis for the growth of economic security of the country and social development of society. Prospects for growth in the use of solar, wind, hydropower, thermal water, and biological energy resources are investigated. Scientific novelty. Many scientists have been and are still studying the problems of innovative development of the national economy and society. This research topic is extremely relevant, as it makes it possible to address energy and resource conservation issues and guides the state towards Ukraine's integration into the EU. The introduction of innovative, information, digital, production and other technologies opens the way to closer interstate cooperation in the development of renewable energy sources, which in the future will definitely have an impact not only on the country's energy security but also on improving the environmental situation. Given that renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and environmentally friendly, and that digitalisation of the economy is a tool for obtaining and transmitting information on the development of innovative technologies using non-fossil energy sources, they are together one of the main components of the basis for innovative development of the national economy and society. One of the most important areas of innovative development of the country's society and economy is the technical and technological development of the resource potential of renewable energy sources. In addressing the issue of energy independence, the state is focusing its efforts on obtaining energy from such sources as solar, wind, household and industrial waste, hydro- and geothermal energy, and biofuels and gas. Practical significance. The essence of the economic category ?innovation? is revealed and the relationship of this concept with the innovative development of the economy and society in Ukraine is established. The use of innovative information and communication technologies and digitalisation of the economy are analysed. An assessment of the innovative development of energy in Ukraine and the use of renewable energy sources is made, which indicates a gradual transition of the country's public economy to innovative ways of development. The use of non-fossil energy resources as a way out of the energy crisis, economic growth, and improvement of living standards is substantiated. Keywords: innovation, information and communication technologies, digitalisation, society, economy, renewable energy sources.

Coal is the basis of energy production in Poland. Its production, however, has been steadily decreasing. Falling prices on world markets, which make their extraction in Poland, continues to pay off. You can not forget, however, that the country's energy security is based on this raw material all the time. Actions should be taken to limit the cost of extraction. It is necessary to start to use advanced technologies in coal combustion process and be aware of its other applications. With this in mind it is necessary not only to lead efforts to liquidate mines, but also to take corrective actions. Nowadays, coal mining is experiencing a setback. However, the resources that are in Poland do not allow you to abandon this energy source. In the coming years we can expect an increase in demand for coal. Polish power industry in the coming decades will be based, as at present, on carbon. In line with the Polish Energy Policy until 2050 Poland should strive for energy independence and therefore the indigenous resources of coal and lignite will stabilize country's energy security. Consumption of coal will remain at current levels, due to improvements in the efficiency of new generation units. Therefore, the aim of the suggested actions should be providing both the security of energy and the rational use of available resources of coal. Key words: coal, energy, Polish mining.

The study attempts to transfer knowledge on the importance of introducing aggregation in the electricity market for both energy sector enterprises and other market participants. The main technical and economic advantages of introducing an aggregation mechanism are identified. It is emphasised that creating aggregators and aggregated groups allows solving key problems in the electricity sector. This, in particular, contributes to a more efficient balancing of electricity supply and demand, a prerequisite for the stable functioning of energy systems. Additionally, it is noted that aggregation allows for optimising the load on the grid, reducing the risk of overload and increasing the efficiency of the use of generated resources. In addition, aggregated groups can use modern technologies for monitoring and forecasting consumption, which allows them to respond quickly to market changes and increase the level of adaptability of energy companies. Particular attention is paid to the impact of hostile attacks on Ukraine's energy sector. The large-scale invasion of Russian troops led to significant losses of energy companies due to targeted attacks on critical infrastructure, which caused interruptions in electricity supply and complicated the functioning of the country's economy. In this context, the need for new approaches to managing electricity generation and consumption, improving pricing mechanisms and developing small-scale generation, which will help strengthen the country's energy security, is substantiated. Another important aspect is stimulating investment in decentralised energy sources, which will help increase energy independence and market flexibility. Using renewable sources in aggregated groups will reduce dependence on traditional energy sources and contribute to the environmental sustainability of the energy sector. At the same time, aggregation will balance electricity production and consumption, regulate its sale and purchase in the relevant market, and thus, to some extent, guarantee the economic security of energy companies.

The coal sector is the main producer in Indonesia, which is the largest exporter in Asia and Europe. The coal sub-sector has high prospects because most of the energy sources for power plants use coal as an energy source. Indonesia has abundant potential resources, especially mining which plays an important role in driving the country's economy. This creates jobs, guarantees the country's energy security and increases the country's foreign exchange earnings. This research was conducted to examine the effect of Profitability, Exchange Rates and Interest Rates in the coal sub-sector companies on the IDX. There are 20 populations of coal mining companies listed on the IDX. The sample of this research is 8 companies' financial reports obtained by using purposive sampling method. The analytical method used is panel data regression analysis . The results showed that Return on Equity has a positive effect on stock prices, while the exchange rate and interest rates have no effect on stock prices. Simultaneously Return On Equity, Exchange Rates and Interest Rates have a joint effect on Stock Prices.

Energy security is considered as an important driving force for sustaining socio-economic growth of any nation. The Mediterranean countries (particularly MedRing countries) are witnessing a steady economic growth backed with a relative political stability and improvement of living standards. Moreover, an enormous potential in terms of fossil and renewable energies is still not fully explored in this region. Hence, the establishment of an integrated regional approach for managing the energy sector will most likely enhance energy security and regional cooperation between MedRing countries following the ultimate goal of answering the growing energy demand in the upcoming decades. The aim of this study is to (1) evaluate the levels of energy security in those countries using four selected indicators and (2) highlight their orientations towards the deployment of renewable energy as an important pillar for ensuring the security of the energy systems in these countries. The results showed that the MedRing countries are highly dependent on imported fossil fuels (except for exporting countries such as Algeria, Libya, and Egypt), and thus, the major share of their CO2 emissions are resulting from the energy sector. On the other hand, renewable and nuclear energies seem to be the ideal alternatives for enhancing energy security and creating mutual benefits for the two shores of the Mediterranean basin.

Energy security is one of the most important aspects of ensuring sustainable development and economic independence of the country. Today, changing global economic and geopolitical conditions have made the role of energy security more relevant than ever. Energy security in the modern world is not just an economic or political issue, it is a strategic factor affecting the overall stability and future of the state. For Kazakhstan, pursuing the right policy in this direction will increase the country's competitiveness and ensure sustainable development. The article considers the economic aspects of the concept of «energy security» and provides their theoretical justification. Analytical methods of international organizations related to the concept of «energy security» are considered. An overview of the aspects of Kazakhstan's energy security was also conducted, the rating and attractiveness of Kazakhstan in the exploration and production sector were analyzed. A statistical analysis of total primary and final energy consumption, as well as a structural comparative review by economic sectors were conducted. In conclusion, it was determined that there is a need to create a systemic strategy for ensuring the country's energy security. Successful strategies require diversification of energy resources, implementation of new technologies and coordination between countries to prevent crises and increase the stability of the global energy system.