국립공원 탐방로 위험요인 특성 비교 분석

This paper examined visitors to Bukhansan National Park in Korea based on first-time and repeat visitation. Bukhansan National Park is Korea’s most heavily visited national park with annual visitation of six million visitors in 2015. Data used in this article were collected on-site in the park in 2007 and 2013 by the Korea National Park Service (KNPS). The study variables included socio-demographics, travel behavior, motivation, and satisfaction with park attributes, services and facilities. Data were analyzed by each study year for first-time and repeat visitors. Results showed significant differences for both first-time and repeat visitors on several socio-demographic, travel behavior, and motivation variables within each study year. For satisfaction with park attributes, facilities and services, first-time visitors were significantly different from repeat visitors on seven variables for both years. Implications are given regarding programs and services to improve visitor satisfaction and sustain the natural, cultural and historical resources at Bukhansan National Park and other national parks in Korea. Future research suggestions are provided to learn more about visitor characteristics, standards of quality and preferences in the national parks.

This study aimed to develop strategies to re-establish the Park Nature Conservation Area in Bukhansan National Park, reflecting landscape ecological value by using the zonation program Marxan with Zones. Planning unit was set by watershed, and the basic data were mapped, considering topographical and ecological values. Mapped indicators were analyzed with the application framework of Marxan with Zones by indexing some indicators. The zones divided into Park Nature Conservation Area (Zone A), Park Nature Environment Area (Zone B) which is reflected on the concept of Potential Park Nature Conservation Area and Park Nature Environment Area (Zone C). The best solution for each of the scenarios was fixed through the sensitiveness analysis. From these, the final solution was selected considering five criteria including area ratio of conservation area and grouping. Lastly, the final solution was verified in the overlapped analysis with recent zonation. According to the results, the number of watersheds was 77, with an average area of 1,007,481 m2. In terms of basic mapping and indexation, the slope index and number of landscape resources for topographical property were average 0.22 and 38 places, respectively. Biotope index was average 0.69 and legally protected species was 14 species, reflecting ecological values. As the social and economic indicators, trail index was average 0.04, and the number of tour and management facilities was 43 places. Through the framework of Marxan with Zones, the best solution for scenario 1 which was set by the highest conservation criteria was selected as the final solution, and the area ratio of Park Nature Conservation Area and grouping was excellent. As the result of overlapped analysis, suggested zonation of the Park Nature Conservation was better than the recent zonation in the area raito (28.3%), biotope grade (15.4%) and the distribution points (10 places) of legally protected species with verification of proper distribution of conservation features according to the zone.

This study was conducted to obtain the basic research about Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and to establish a conservation area into Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park, South Korea. We recorded Siberian roe deer field signs (bedding sites, feeding areas, feces and tracks etc), and habitat variables such as nearest distance to the watercourse, trails, slope, aspect, forest type and land cover etc. from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2007 in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. According to the research of habitat characteristics of Siberian roe deer inhabited in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park preferred mixed forest consisted of aged forest and middle-aged forest on the gentle slope which was close to hydrosphere in the middle elevation area of altitude of 400~600m above sea level in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. The results indicated that Siberian roe deer appeared to prefer south slope or north slope during the snow season and west or east slope during the non-snow season. The area of most suitable habitat for Siberian roe deer in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park was 125.8km (32% of the total area) followed by 244.3km buffer area (62.2% of the total area), and 22.9km unsuitable habitat area (5.8% of the total area), which means environmentally unsuitable habitat for Siberian roe deer was rare in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. Thus, the area 92 박용수.이우신 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏 classified as major area in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park appeared to be most important for the protection of Siberian roe deer.

The purpose of this study is to identify the ecological characteristics and biological interactions between species of the abandoned rice paddy field in mountainous areas and to suggest a management strategy for stable food chain formation and biodiversity enhancement. The study site is located in Uldae wetland of Songchu district Bukhansan National Park, site characteristics and biological habitat characteristics were identified through site survey and literature survey. With regard to physical environment, among geographical features, the Uldae Wetland and the neighborhood inside the basin was a gently sloping area(5∼15°). And 64.0% of basin faced the north. With regard to water environment, the Uldae Wetland was wetland of rainfed paddy field depending on precipitation and the system of stream flowing into the wetland from valley. According to the results of examining flora in plant ecology, in general, they were herbaceous wetland species. 88.6% of existing plants inside the Uldae Wetland basin was a forest in the mountain. And Quercus spp. community and Pinus densiflora community accounted for 64.6% of that, and was dominant. Except for that, Salix koreensis community was distributed. The existing vegetation of Uldae Wetland inhabited wetland species and terrestrialization indicator species, and it was thought that partial terrestrialization inside the Uldae Wetland was in progress after the discontinuation of paddy cultivation, such as the expansion of Salix koreensis distribution area. In the status of appearing faunae in the Uldae Wetland with regard to wildbirds of appearing principal species. The Uldae wetland was based on a abandoned rice paddy field various wildlife, and was a wildlife feeding, spawning, and resting place. The water environment was an important factor in maintaining the wetland living creatures function, habitat of waterbirds and benthic macroinvertebrates, amphibians and odonate are spawning ground and habitat, it was affecting the vegetation ecosystem based on wetlands. In order to maintain the diversity of wildlife, it was important to maintain smooth water supply and water level. A stable food chain will be formed and the Uldae wetland biodiversity will be abundant by establishing the relationship between the species of Uldae wetland, which is abandoned rice paddy field, and the habitat environment favored by species belonging to the ecosystem stepwise linkage. The ecological characteristics of the Uldae wetlands and the relation between the species were analyzed and the environmental conditions were reflected in the planning and management plan of Uldae wetland ecology.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand for cultural ecosystem services in urban forests based on user perception and experience value by using Naver blog posts and LDA topic modeling. Bukhansan National Park was used to analyze and review the feasibility of spatial assessments. Based on the results of topic modeling from blog posts, a review process was conducted considering the relevance of Bukhansan National Park’s cultural services and its suitability as a spatial assessment case, and finally, an index for the spatial assessment of urban forest’s cultural service was derived. Specifically, 21 topics derived through topic analysis were interpreted, and 13 topics related to cultural ecosystem services were derived based on the MA(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment)’s classification system for ecosystem services. 72.7% of all documents reviewed had data deemed useful for this study. The contents of the topic fell into one of the seven types of cultural services related to "mountainous recreation activities" (23.7%), "indirect use value linked to tourism and convenience facilities" (12.4%), "inspirational activities" (11.2%), "seasonal recreation activities" (6.2%), "natural appreciation and static recreation activities" (3.7%). Next, for the 13 cultural service topics derived from data gathered about Bukhansan National Park, the possibility of spatial assessment of the characteristics of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests was reviewed, and a total of 8 cultural service indicators were derived. The MA’s cultural service classification system for ecosystem services, which was widely used in previous studies, has limitations in that it does not reflect the actual user demand of urban forests, but it is meaningful in that it categorizes cultural service indicators suitable for domestic circumstances. In addition, the study is significant as it presented a methodology to interpret and derive the demand for cultural services using a large amount of user awareness and experience data.

Exploration on the construction of sub contract security management system for general contracting enterprises

This study aims to understand the relationship between visitors and the degradation of natural resources in Bukhansan national park. We analyzed the trend of the number of visitors, destruction of natural resources and decrease of biodiversity per year. We further compared three types of trails, heavily-used trails and rarely-used trails and a trail with limited access, regarding the degree of destruction in the National Park through a field survey. Our result showed that increasing number of visitors had direct and indirect impact on the destruction of natural resources in the National Park. The direct impact came from visitors' excessive use of trails. Naturally, increasing number of visitors caused an immoderate use of natural resources. Physical degradation such as exposure of tree root, poor drainage of trails, trail erosion was more severe than other types of trails. Decreasing biodiversity or mild disturbance around trails is the indirect impact such as broken bough, worn-bark in rarely-used trails. Destruction scale greatly increased as the number of visitors increased. Real-named reservation system helped to prevent trails from degradation. Our result calls for the need of controlling the number of visitors to Bukhansan National Park to mitigate the degradation. We recommend dispersing visitors from the heavily-used trails to other trails and implementing real-named reservation system in the rarely-used trails for the effective management of the national park.

This study aimed to present an effective persuasion message by evaluating the economic ripple effect of the Uiryeonggil Trail in Bukhansan National Park. From July to August 2023, 398 visitors to Uiryeonggil were surveyed for travel costs, and the eco - nomic ripple effect on the local community was analyzed using a regional input-output table. As a result of the analysis, the average travel cost spent by a visitor to Uiryeonggil during the day was 18,276 won. By region, 12,401 won were spent in Seoul, 2,761 won in Yangju, and 3,114 won in other regions. As of 2022, the annual production ripple effect in the Seoul area was about 1.87 billion won, the value-added ripple effect was about 660 million won, and the employment ripple effect was about 25 people. The annual production ripple effect in Yangju-si was about 420 million won, the value-added ripple effect was about 120 million won, and the employment ripple effect was four people. It was found that production, value-added, and employment ripple effects were not sig- nificant, supporting the argument that regular opening is necessary to revitalize the local economy. Therefore, the Korea National Park Service should avoid a policy of expanding supply focused on quantitative growth and actively promote the fact that the continuous ecosystem services provided by National Parks are greater than the economic benefits of development. We hope that the results of this study will provide effective persuasive messages.

The diet of wild boars (Sus scrofa) is highly diverse, consisting of both plant and animal materials, and their foraging behavior varies seasonally. However, limited research has investigated the composition of macrofungi in the diet of these omnivorous mammals, and relevant information remains scarce. This study aimed to assess the diversity of plant, animal, and macrofungal components in the diet of wild boars and to evaluate seasonal variations in Bukhansan National Park, Republic of Korea. Fecal samples were collected across different seasons, and DNA metabarcoding was applied to compare the taxonomic composition of dietary items. The results revealed that the wild boar diet included 54 plant genera, 9 animal genera, and 22 macrofungal genera. Among the plants, Pueraria, Quercus, and Ipomoea were the most dominant, with relative abundances of 21.3%, 18.3%, and 16.4%, respectively. The primary animal taxa consisted of Neomyia (54.7%) and Didea (39.4%), while Rhizopogon accounted for 95.3% of the macrofungal sequences detected. Overall, the study demonstrated clear seasonal variation in the diet of wild boars, reflecting their remarkable adaptability to changing environmental conditions.

As ten years have passed since national parks were adjusted and released inceptively, it is the time for evaluating the effectiveness of the national park policy and improving it on the basis of the evaluation result. In this study, the method of appraising the environmental and socio-economical ripple effect on the implementation of national park regulation were provided, based on the institutional consideration, the environment analysis, the survey of residents consciousness, the statistical analysis and so on. It is applied to target sites where were released from national parks, and the policy direction was suggested for sustainable use and management of national parks. National parks, that exhibit various characteristics depending on geographical and local conditions, were categorized through the statistical approach. Released sites from Seoraksan National park, where was categorized as the core national park for sustainable use and management, were evaluated environmentally based on the time-series analysis of environmental thematic maps and socio-economically based on the survey on residents perceptions. As a result of this study, the environmental effect of released sites has been declined or threatened, and the residents' economic, social and living condition in these areas are still not improved(p<0.05) since the adjustment of national parks. Based on the policy approach reflecting regional characteristics, natural resources are kept and enhanced for the sustainable use and management of national parks. And a consensus on the national park policy of national park should be developed between local residents and voluntary participation and public awareness should be attracted from them, based on the construction and the supplement of the infrastructure.

본 연구는 북한산국립공원 둘레길의 정상정복형 수직 탐방객의 분산 효과를 진단하고, 둘레길 구간별 특성화 및 개선방향을 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 조사방법은 이용자 자기 기입식 조사 방법으로 현장조사를 통해 둘레길 전체 21개 구간에서 탐방객을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 둘레길 조성 후 북한산 탐방 횟수가 증가하였으며, 둘레길에 처음 방문한 만 18~29세의 젊은 연령층 비율이 높아, 둘레길로 인해서 새로운 계층의 탐방객이 유입된 것으로 판단된다. 북한산 정상탐방 이용빈도는 '감소하였다' 7.6%, '증가하였다' 46.2%로 정상정복형 수직 탐방객의 분산효과는 아직 없는 것으로 판단된다. 둘레길 만족도는 7개의 측면 중 여가장소적 측면이 3.74, 보행만족 측면이 3.61로 높았고, 역사문화 측면이 3.09로 가장 낮았다. 둘레길 구간별 특성과 탐방객의 방문동기, 만족도 결과를 통해 둘레길이 가벼운 운동, 산책 등의 건강증진을 위한 개념으로 인식되고 있음을 보여주었다. 그러나 저지대 길에서의 자연, 생태, 역사, 경관 등 국립공원 자원에 대한 다양한 시각의 이용문화가 창출되어 장기적으로 긍정적인 효과를 예상할 수 있었다. 또한 둘레길의 구간별 특성과 여건, 인프라 및 프로그램에 따라 차이가 있어 둘레길 구간별 특성을 고려한 인프라 및 프로그램이 보완된다면 장기적으로 정상탐방객의 저지대 탐방문화 유도 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Dulegil in Bukhansan National Park in dispersing peak climbing hikers, characterize each section of Dulegil and suggest ideas of improvement. This study was conducted based on the survey completed by visitors in all 21 sections of Dulegil. After the construction of Dulegil, the number of visit to Dulegil grew and it was analyzed that Dulegil attracted new visitors given that the rate of young people(aged 19~30) who visited for the first time was quite high. Regarding the frequency of peak climbing, 7.6% of the respondents said "decreased" and 46.2% said "increased", showing that Dulegil's effect to disperse peak climbing hikers is nominal. Seven qualities were evaluated regarding Dulegil's level of satisfaction. Out of those seven, the quality of recreational place and taking a walk achieved high scores of 3.74 and 3.61 respectively. The quality of culture and history scored the lowest with 3.09. The analysis on the characteristic of each section of Dulegil, reason of visit, and the visitors' level of satisfaction showed that Dulegil is now regarded as a place where they can improve their health through light exercise and walking. In addition, a positive effect can be expected for a long time since there are different ways of utilizing the resources of the National Park, such as getting in touch with nature, preserving ecology, learning history and enjoying beautiful landscapes. If infrastructure and programs specific to each section of Dulegil were improved in a long-term perspective, it would be effective to encourage peak climbers and enjoy the lower parts of the mountain.

본 논문은 북한산국립공원의 관광자원에 대한 소중한 가치보전에 관한 고찰을 통해 문제점과 개선방안에 대한 연구를 진행했다. 가치보전에 관한 고찰(考察)에서 국립공원 관리 실태에 대한 선진외국의 경험을 사례로 탐색했으며 이러한 탐색의 결과를 북한산국립공원에 접목하여 보다 발전된 형태의 보전관리를 통해 북한산국립공원이 가지고 있는 가치를 지속해 나가는데 초점을 맞추었다. 또한 현재 북한산국립공원의 현황을 탐색하여 문제점에 대한 개선방안을 제시했으며 이에 대한 실증조사에서 전문가와 일대일 면접을 통해 전문가의견을 도출해 냈다. 본 논문이 자연이 준 우리의 위대한 유산인 북한산 국립공원의 가치를 보전하는데 기여가 되기를 기대한다. This study is to solve the problems arising from preserving the value of Bukhansan National Park as a precious tourism resource in South Korea. In order to effectively examine the value of preserving the resource, some cases of foreign countries having advanced skills and experiences in managing their national parks are examined so as to apply them to managing Bukhansan National Park. With this developed preserving method, this study mainly focuses on inducing the ways how to permanently maintain its value. Furthermore, some solutions for the problems through analyzing the current situation of Bukhansan National Park are suggested with additional proven opinions of serveral specialists interviewed. As a result, this study is expected to contribute on preserving the value of Bukhansan National Park which is one of the greatest properties in Korea.

The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a highly adaptable species that has spread into urban-proximate areas, consequently intensifying human-wildlife conflicts in South Korea. Understanding the range and environmental preferences of this species is crucial for efficient population management. Therefore, we investigated wild boar occupancy in Bukhansan National Park (BNP), a protected area near Seoul. We deployed camera traps at 24 locations from March to May 2022 to investigate spring season habitat use patterns. We used single-season, single-species occupancy modeling to explore the impact of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of wild boar. During 2208 trap nights, we recorded wild boars at 14 sites, with an average occupancy probability (Ψ) of 0.67 ± 0.03. The distance to human settlements was the best predictor of occupancy, with wild boars avoiding regions near human activity sites. In contrast, proximity to puddles significantly increased detection and occupancy probabilities, indicating the importance of water sources for drinking and wallowing. Wild boars also showed a preference for areas near agricultural lands but exhibited behavioral avoidance of direct human presence. Our spring season findings suggest the need for targeted management strategies that prioritize population control in areas far from settlements but adjacent to water and agricultural boundaries. This study provides critical insights into the spatial ecology of wild boars in urban-proximate landscapes and provides science-based measures for mitigating conflicts and disease risks. We recommend long-term monitoring for the assessment of seasonal variations and efficacy of management interventions.

Spatial Distribution of Evergreen Coniferous Dead Trees in Seoraksan National Park -In the Case of Northwestern Ridge-

The assessment of spatio-temporal patterns of visitors’ activities in national parks is essential to mitigate impacts to natural resources as well as manage experiences. With the use of a GPS-based mobile exercise application dataset, this study explored the spatio-temporal patterns of visitors’ activities in Seoraksan National Park, South Korea. A total of 1,206 anonymous mobile application users along with their 2,571 activity start points were acquired for January 2015 to December 2015. GIS-based hot spot analyses were employed to analyze the spatial patterns of activity points over time. Results indicated activity hot spots for hours (i.e., dawn, morning, afternoon, and evening) as well as risky points (i.e., falling-rocks, risk of structure collapse, or lightning) during dark hours (night) across seasons. Findings from this study can assist managers to allocate their spatio-temporal park management resources effectively to minimize environmental impacts, and enhance visitor experiences and safety. Furthermore, GPS-based mobile exercise application can be used as an alternative tool to assess spatio-temporal use of visitors in national parks.