Религиозный плюрализм и метафилософия Казимира Твардовского

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to generally present the place and role of religion and religious beliefs in the philosophy of the Lvov-Warsaw School. The article has two parts. In the first (section 2), I present in brief the philosophical activity and the main achievements of Kazimierz Twardowski, the founder of the School, and his disciples from the Lvov-Warsaw School. In particular, I take into account Twardowski’s teachings on religion and worldview. In the second part (section 3), I consider the questions whether and to what extent Twardowski’s views are relevant and applicable to the current debate about religious diversity. Finally, I point to three different approaches to the religious diversity, as suggested by Twardowski and his students. The first might be called pragmatic skepticism; it relies on partial (external) suspension of religious beliefs. External suspension of religious beliefs is compatible with internal believing in religious truths. The second might be named substitutional program; it consists in the replacement of traditional religions by one new secular religion called the scientific worldview, or logical rationalism. The third approach is a Christianity-rooted religious rationalism which might be called logical scholasticism (as in the Cracow Circle) depending on demonstration that Christian Revelation is compatible with modern logic, science, and our basic moral intuitions.