НАРУШЕНИЯ НЕВРОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ДЕТЕЙ, РОЖДЕННЫХ НЕДОНОШЕННЫМИ

Abstract

There has been a shift in the spectrum of diseases in preterm infants recorded recently: a significant improvement in survival rates has been achieved as well as a decrease in severe forms of cerebral palsy. However, many children born prematurely show manifestations of CNS developmental disorders, which include motor, cognitive and behavioral disorders. Premature birth leads to a slowdown and distortion of neuroontogenesis. The article deals with the morphophysiological prerequisites for neurological development disorders in children born prematurely. The bibliographical data and own studies of neurological disorders and deviations in neuropsychic development in 122 children aged 5 to 8 y/o born prematurely with Extremely low body weight (500 to 999 g, GA 25 to 30 weeks), VLBW (1000 to 1499 g, GA 28 to 33 weeks) and LBW (1500 to 2499 g, GA 31 to 36 weeks) were analyzed. The mechanisms and frequency of occurrence in prematurely born children of violations of general intellectual development, speech, schooling skills, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, autism, dyspraxia, tics, tension headache, anxiety and behavioral disorders are discussed. Under conditions of cerebral damage in the developing brain the neuroplasticity - a process of biological adaptation associated with the structure and functional reorganization of the CNS - acquires decisive importance. The developing brain has high neuroplasticity and significant reserve capabilities, which provide the ability of the elements of the nervous tissue for adaptive restructuring and compensatory (restorative) capabilities of the brain.