ЗАРОДЖЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК ПРИРОДНИЧОЇ ОСВІТИ У XI–XІX СТ.

Abstract

For natural education, the main thing is the formation of competences in the field of natural sciences, engineering and technology, environmental competence, which involve the ability and willingness to apply the appropriate set of scientific knowledge and methodologies to explain the natural world, identify issues and formulate conclusions based on the information received; understanding the changes caused by human activity and the responsibility of a person as a citizen for the consequences of this activity. We set ourselves the goal of finding out how the prerequisites for the introduction of science education and the creation of its teaching methodology were formed, as well as to characterize the main principles of its development in the XI-XIX Art. In this regard, we analyzed the relevant literature and considered this problem retrospectively. It is proved that in the 60s and 70s of the XIX century in Ukraine, there were two directions in the methodology of natural science: the metaphysical "Lyubenovsky" and the evolutionary-materialistic "Herdovsky". In the 20th century, they gave rise to idealistic and materialistic directions in the methodology of natural science, which were in a constant ideological struggle. So, characterizing the evolution of science education in the studied period, it was noted that O. Ya. Herd initiated the scientific method of teaching science; well-known methodologists of that time prepared and published a number of textbooks on science education. However, these subjects were taught in a small amount. O.Ya.Herd was many years ahead of Western European methodical thought in the construction of the natural science course and methods of studying it, boldly and decisively crossed an entire era with his requirements for education based on natural science education and is deservedly considered the founder of natural science teaching methods. They were more fully taught in real and commercial schools. However, the beginning of the 19th century is characterized by a significant revival in the field of natural science education: a significant number of manuals are published, which solve the issues of general and specific methods of natural science.