ИДЕЯ ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИИ В ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ НОВОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

Abstract

The article deals with the formation of phenomenology in the philosophy and culture of Modern age that culminated in the elaboration of the phenomenological projects of Hegel and Husserl. The author argues that the emergence of the idea of phenomenology in the Western European philosophy was conditioned by the need to overcome the dangers of skepticism and dogmatism that arose in the process of attempts to develop a method of human inner world cognition. Hegel considers this problem in the «Phenomenology of Spirit» on the way to solving the task of describing the dialectical structure of self-consciousness and revealing its content by rational means. Namely, he proceeds from the consideration of the experience of individual consciousness to the description of the dialogue of self-consciousness in the process of the constitution of social reality. Thus, Hegel points to the boundaries of classical New European philosophy as a «philosophy of subject» and opens up the possibility of considering a person through the study of social relations and the history of human culture. However, this promising approach has not been widely continued in postclassical philosophy. A new model of phenomenology was proposed by Husserl in a situation of crisis of the foundations of science and therefore it had more limited tasks. Unlike «Phenomenology of Spirit», Husserl’s phenomenology project was not implemented as a unified philosophical system. But this circumstance influenced the spread of some components of the phenomenological method at other areas of social and humanitarian knowledge.