Застосування басейнової концепції для ґрунтоводоохоронного облаштування агроландшафтів

Abstract

Goal. Generalization and approbation of the methodical principles on the use of basin concept in environmental management for soil and water protection arrangement of agro landscapes. Object of study. Basin conception of nature management. Subject of research. The erosion-and-hydrological situation according to basin principle at different hierarchical levels of the river basin (river basin → beamed catchment). Methods. Laboratory-field, mathematical-statistical, topometry, morphological. Results. The scheme is elaborated on experimental-analysis activities with the purpose of the formation of a system of anti-erosion measures in the basin of small rivers. The mechanism is given of creation, as well as the database structure of factors determining the occurrence of erosion-hydrological processes. Influence factors are grouped by blocks: basin, climatic, geomorphological. They constructed a schematic map of the typing elements of the erosion-hydrological network (floodplains, gullen-beam network, plateau, the first terrace, slopes) and determined their area for development of cost models of the flow. According to the results of a spatial analysis of shelterbelts, they specified the proportion of their area in the watershed and calculated the weighted average plowed areas. They conducted a geomorphological analysis of the catchment areas of the rivers Yevsugh and Kovsugh within the Lugansk region. The assessment of the intensity of erosion-hydrological situation according to the basin principle is proposed to conduct by modeling erosion indexes of the security of lands (Ei) as the ratio of the maximum discharges of flow (Qmax) to safe costs and to create maps of erosion indices. The environmental effectiveness of the scheme of formation of agricultural landscapes in watersheds (on 3 levels of the hydrographic network: the basin of the river → system of the beam catchment → beam reservoirs) is determined using simplex-method as the correlation of the characteristics of the tilled soil and erosion situation. Conclusions. In the basin of small rivers, the GIS-cartography (GIS — geographic information system) of territorial agro landscape structures should be implemented through the formation of a database of factors influencing the development of erosion processes. Typing of the erosion-hydrological network, analysis of field-protective forest cover, different planar characteristics of catchments should be undertaken for key sites using GIS-technology by the method of constructing maps. To clarify the parameters of tilled soil it is recommended to perform the analysis of the structure of the basin of small rivers, differentiated according to administrative units of land use in the catchment areas along the river. They propose to assess the intensity of the erosion-hydrological situation according to the basin principle by modeling the erosion indices of land security (Ei) of different degrees of security. The ecological efficiency of the practical application of the proposed scheme of agro landscape formation in watersheds it is recommended to determine using the simplex method as the ratio of plowing parameters (fn) and erosion index (Ei 10–50%), coefficient of erosion hazard of crop rotations (Kehcr), and potential runoff (PR).