Abstract
본 연구는 조선시대 궁궐 내에 조성된 농경지 조영의 양상과 공간적 특성을 분석하여 유교적 농본 중심의 시대상이 궁궐 안에서 특수한 권농의 공간으로 반영되었음을 구명하고자 하였다. 대상지는 경복궁 후원, 창경궁 후원과 경복궁 신무문 밖 후원이 되며, 문헌조사를 중심으로 수행되었다. 궁궐 후원 농경지는 "농사직설"의 편찬, 친경례와 기곡제의 설행으로 대변되는 조선 통치집단의 권농정책의 연장선상에서 임금이 자신의 거주지인 궁궐 안에 한 해 농사의 풍흉을 가늠할 포지를 조성한 것이며, 국초부터 일제 강점기 직전까지 각 궁궐에서 운영되었다. 조선시대 후원 농경지 4개소에 대한 분석 결과로는 첫째, 세종 때 조성된 경복궁 후원 농경지는 현 향원지 내부에 존재하고 있었으며, 선진농법을 확인하기 위한 시험포지로 조성되었다. 성종이 조영한 창경궁 후원 농경지는 조선 최초의 친경례 직후에 조성되어 적전친경의 맥락으로 이해해 볼 수 있다. 인조는 경덕궁이 임시로 거처했던 시어소임에도 불구하고, 체류의 기간이 장기화되자 정전의 뜰을 파고 농포로 조성하였는데, 조선시대 정치사에서 후원 농경지의 비중이 매우 높았다는 것을 시사한다. 고종이 조성한 경농재 일곽의 농포는 선대의 권농행보를 계승하면서 창경궁 후원 농경지의 공간 구성을 그대로 가져온 특성을 보이고 있다. 둘째, 관수와 수체계, 관경대의 명칭, 입지에 있어서 일정한 공통점이 도출되었는데, 이는 조선시대 농본공간의 보편적 형식으로 판단하였다. 본 연구에서는 후원 농경지 외에 궁궐 내에서 내관들에 의해 관리되던 채전과 국가의 큰 제사에 쓰일 과일을 위한 궁궐 내 과수원의 운영 양상을 고찰하여 조선시대 궁궐 조경이 엄숙함, 질서정연함이나 장식성에만 치중되지 않고, 실생활에 도움이 되는 실용적 생산적 조경공간으로 존재하고 있었음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 또한 궁궐에서 왕실의 주도로 생산적 조경의 다양한 활동이 전개되고 있었고, 임금이 솔선수범하여 선진농법을 시험하였다는 점은 우리의 고유한 궁궐조경의 일면이 되며, 조선의 독자적인 궁궐문화로서 그리고 여타의 유교 국가에는 없었던 유일한 애민농본의 조경으로 보아야 할 것이다. This study aimed to investigate the Confucian-oriented agriculture phase of the Joseon Dynasty, which was reflected at the palaces, by analyzing constructional aspects and spatial characteristics of farmlands at the palace rear gardens. The objective sites were the rear gardens of Gyeongbok Palace, Changkyung Palace, and the outside of Sinmoomoon(神武門) This study was based on literature reviews. The farmlands at the palace rear garden were constructed to self-estimate the year's harvest condition within the palaces. It was a part of the agriculture encouragement policy on governing the group of Joseon like publishing the Nongsajiksul(農事直說) and establishing the Chingyeongnye(親耕禮: king's own cultivation ceremony) and Kikokje(祈穀祭: the rite of praying for grain). In addition, farmlands of the rear garden were operated from the beginning of the state almost until the Japanese colonial era. The results were summarized as follows: First, Gyeongbok Palace rear garden's farmland which begin at the reign of Sejong(世宗) existed at the present Hyangwonji(香遠池) area. It was constructed in order to check the advanced agricultural technologies. The rear garden's farmland in Changkyung Palace, which was executed during the reign of Seongjong(成宗), was constructed right after the initial Chingyeongnye of the Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, it might be understood as the context of the king's own cultivation of the Jeokjeonchinkyung(籍田親耕). Injo(仁祖) dug for farmland in the ground of the Gyemgdeok Palace(慶德宮) though there was some stay palace, when his stay dragged out for too long. This bespeaks that those farmlands at the palace rear gardens were of great importance in the Joseon political history. The farmland near Gyeongnongjae(耕農齋), which was made during the reign of Gojong(高宗), inherited predecessor's walks of the promoting agriculture and exhibited spatial compositions such as the rear garden's farmland at Changkyung Palace. Secondly, irrigation, its water systems, the name of observatory to study farming[觀耕臺] and location requirements for farmland had something in common. It was assumed as universal forms of physiocracy-space in the Joseon Dynasty. In this study, by considering aspects of operating about vegetable garden managed by eunuchs and of the orchard in palace to cultivate fruits for national ceremonies, it could be assumed that landscape architecture of royal palace in the Joseon Dynasty did not only focus on solemnity, orderliness and fanciness but also on the practical and productive which was helpful in life. In addition, the diverse activities of productive landscape architecture led by the royal family in palaces, and the initiatively tested advanced agricultural technologies by the king were considered as an aspect of the Korean traditional specific royal palace landscape architecture. That is considered sole landscape not only to love of the people but also the 'agriculture-first' principle which were absent from other nations.
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More From: Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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