Терминология традиционного свадебного комплекса у калмыков: шаһата

Abstract

Introduction. The article deals with the term ‘shaγata’ (Kalm шаһата) to have denoted both the matchmaking process and the young woman as bride proper. The insight into materials on wedding rites of 19th-century Kalmyks and Oirat groups of Mongolia and China attests to that the term is rather widespread in traditional communities. So, the lexeme is virtually absent in present-day Kalmyk wedding discourse. Materials and methods. The study analyzes works to have examined traditional household activities and cultural phenomena of Kalmyks related to traditional wedding rites. Special attention is paid to publications exploring ethnic ritual cultures of Southern Siberia, Mongolia, and Xinjiang (China). The employed research methods include the comparative/historical, comparative proper, and structural/functional ones. Results. The analysis of materials dealing with the term ‘shaγata’ in the Kalmyk wedding tradition makes it possible to suggest a polysemantic meaning inherent thereto. So, it served to mark a number of aspects, such as a young woman’s status of bride, emergence of a new family, introduction of the woman into the community of relatives, property relationships between the two sides of the marriage, and numbers of wedding treats. In traditional Kalmyk society, the term was closely associated with nomadic lifestyle, traditions and centuries-old worldviews of nomads. The factors to have caused its disappearance are changes in economic patterns and modes of life, transformed ritual culture of Kalmyks.