НАИБОЛЕЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЁННЫЕ ОРГАНИЗМЫ-БИОИНДИКАТОРЫ ПЛОДОРОДИЯ ПОЧВ СЕВЕРА

Abstract

The research was conducted in the Tambov and Lipetsk regions. A comparative assessment of the sensitivity of the most common and publicly available bioindicators of soils in the northern part of the Central Chernozem region was carried out. Among cereals and leguminous crops, simply and alfalfa are very sensitive to changing the acidity of the soil. From cruciferous vegetable plants, lettuce and radish react well to the formation of humus-rich soils and the change of soil type in the rosette phase during the growth of the root crop (the biochemical composition of the root crop changes). Leaf lettuce and spinach react sensitively not only to the type of nitrogen ferti-lizer, the presence of chlorine, but also to the dose of nitrogen for the active substance. The cu-cumber reacts sensitively to different levels of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil by the time the first whiskers are formed. Winter cereals (wheat and triticale) are good bioindicators for dif-ferent soil bonuses and their biomass shows a different attitude to the soil from two zones of apple orchards – row spacing and trunk strips. Barley is also responsive to soil bonitet. All its above-ground organs change the content of the common forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium when the soil conditions change, and only in the ear of these elements of nutrition remain in the optimal range. Apple seedlings with their aboveground biomass, the number of leaves and their water regime react to changes in the properties of the humus horizon, soil fatigue and the change of the soil horizons themselves. In response to an increase in the content of humus, potassium, and manganese in the soil and a change in pHKCl in the leaves of clonal apple rootstocks PB-9 and 62-396, the amount of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium changes. Rootstock 62-396 sensitively changes the content of anthocyanins, chlorophyll and carotenoids in the leaves in re-sponse to the change in soil type. Yeast and mold fungi reduce their number when the pesticide load on the soil increases. The complex of cellulose-decomposing soil microorganisms reacts sen-sitively to the change of the soil horizon, soil type and anthropogenic transformation during the development of land for apple orchards.