Башкирские фамилии от этнонимов:историко-этимологический анализ

Abstract

Bashkir onomastics has experienced a number of stages in its development, and is still of essential academic interest. However, despite the wide range of available works dealing with personal names, the issue of etymology of Bashkir family names remains understudied and requires further consideration. Special attention should be paid to the fact quite a number of them have been derived from ethnonyms, which makes it necessary to analyze ethnonym-stemmed Bashkir family names in historical and etymological perspectives. So, this is what the article actually deals with. The work applies a number of linguistic research methods, such as descriptive, etymological, comparative, and statistical ones. Works by researchers providing insights into the nature of anthroponymic lexis, classification of anthroponyms, and historical-etymological analyses have served as a methodological basis for the study. The paper studies family, clan and clan branch names derived from ethnonyms — names of nations. It is noteworthy that the analyzed family names have been borrowed from the academic publication Documents and materials on Bashkir history (1836–1842): records of service of officials within the Bashkir-Mishar Host between 1836 and 1842. The historical-etymological analysis of family, clan and clan branch names derived from the onyms Kalmak / Kalmyk, Kazakh, Suvash / Chuvash, Tatar, Kungur, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Istyak and compared to respective ethnonyms makes it possible to conclude that historical and cultural ties between the Bashkirs and neighboring peoples largely contributed to the national onomastics (including anthroponymy). For example, our insight into the onym Nogai ‘Nugai’ viewed as a respective stem-word has resulted in a number of versions of its origin, namely: firstly, the wide presence of Nogai-stemmed clan and clan branch names might be due to the fact the Bashkirs lived long under the hegemony of the Nogai Horde; secondly, those might stem from the similar name Nagaibak. The invasion of Tatar-Mongols resulted in the emergence of the family names Kalmakaev, Kalmakov, Kalmakkulov and their phonetic variants (Kalmykov, Kolmakov, Kolmychkov). The paper also accepts the hypothesis set forth by F. G. Khisamiitdinova and suggests the anthroponym might have stemmed from a personal name which is based on historical evidence: the legendary Mamyt was given the name ‘Kalmak’, his ancestors thus being referred to as ‘Kalmaks’; it might also be tied to the Turkic verb ҡалыу ‘stay’ or ‘leave’. Close relations between the Bashkir and Kazakh peoples gave rise to anthroponyms stemmed from the ethnonyms истәк ‘Ishtyak’, ҡаҙаҡ ‘Kazakh’: Istakov (Istӓkov), Istyagulov / Istyakgulov, Ishtakaev, Kazakaev, Kazakbaev, Kazakkulov, Baikazakov. The ethnonym Istyak was widely used by the Kazakhs to denote southeastern, or ‘internal’, Bashkirs who had lived next to them and sustained close contacts. The emergence of family names derived from Suvash / Chuvash, Tatar, Kungur, Uzbek, Kyrgyz are also due to close historical and cultural contacts with respective populations. The investigation of Bashkir family names in this perspective establishes a new trend in terms of history and etymology research. The materials can also be used for further studies of Turkic — including Bashkir — anthroponyms.