Abstract
Population densities of vespa hornets are increasing partially due to climate change and alien hornet invasion. Increase of forest area and outdoor activity expose greater risk to human health, while nesting and reproductive biology exacerbate the potential risks when encountered in the wild. We tested the nest-defending behavoir of Vespa hornets including defensive range and color preference for attack by Vespa mandarinia, V. velutina and V. crabro. Results showed that that three vespa species all prefered black color for attacking. Defence boundary was approximately 15 m, but the hornets recognized waving disturbance from 10 m away from the nest. This information can be useful when confronted with vespa nest in the wild as well as when safety managers remove the vespa nest in the residential area.
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