Эколого-рекреационный коридор в горном заповеднике Боготы

Bogota the capital of the Republic of Colombia is a tropical highland city located at 2650 m above sea level, the 25th largest city of the world and among the large, one of the highest. A proposal for integration of components of ecological networks in the Oriental Hills of Bogota, along a gradient from wild to built nature. Name as The Bogota Ecological and Recreational Corridor (C.E.R.) is based on three strategies: first a social being the largest border agreement with 53 km, along the entire eastern limit of the city. Second the biophysical which involves restoration of ecosystem, and third the socio-spatial which includes infrastructure for making an open air museum for integration and urban limit. The ultimate aim of the approach is to contribute as a pilot proposal in biodiversity managment and cultural transformation in ecological issues for the inhabitants.

In the National University of Colombia there are currently 25 museums and collections including art, medicine, natural science, anthropology and history. Taken together, they comprise the largest, most diverse and most important museum in Colombia, and also the least known. The collections are the product of the conservation and research work of the university in the 141 years of its existence. In recent years, the National University of Colombia has not only become more aware of the importance of its cultural and scientific heritage, but also of the marginality of the work in the university museums. For that reason, in 2006 the university began to work on a Museums and Cultural Heritage Project to develop policies for the conservation, acquisition, documentation, research and communication of its own cultural heritage. The National University of Colombia hopes, through the development of a stronger, structured, ethical, responsible, efficient and representative project about Museums and Cultural Heritage to be better prepared for current challenges. In addition, the project hopes to generate a new landscape of accessibility to the museums and collections of the National University of Colombia. In short, the Museums and Cultural Heritage System of the National University of Colombia, through a ‘Museums portal’ located in a colonial building in Bogota known as Claustro de San Agustin (Cloister of St. Augustine) seeks to highlight the cultural heritage of the university, and become, beyond the classrooms and research centers of the campus, an important reference for the meeting of teachers, students, citizens and other cultural and academic institutions. Open door policy Colombia National University has 25 museums and collections, which together give the university the largest and most diverse collections in Columbia. The collections of science, art, medicine, natural science, and anthropology are the result of the research and collecting of the university during its 141 year history. The goal of the Cultural Patrimonio and Museums System (PMS) is to provide more public access to the cultural heritage of the university so that the university becomes meeting place; a place where teachers, students, academic and cultural institutions, social actors, and citizens can come together. In October 2007 the San Agustin Cloister opened its doors as the headquarters of the PMS of the National University. At that time we had 3 to 5 visitors daily and in December 2008, the average was 125 people daily. To date, we have had a total of 27,400 visitors. Yet even more important information can be obtained by looking beyond the numbers. The essential question is: Why is it so important open the doors of university to the citizens? The answer is as simple as it is political: because the audience has to have access in order to contribute to the preservation of National University heritage. Beyond the campus: The other visitors of the university museums The museums that are located on the campus of the university are known to the community because of the importance of the campus, but access to the museums was limited in the past because the activities of the museums were primarily linked to the university’s curriculum. The cloister is located strategically in downtown Bogota, in the main cultural zone. It is able to distribute information about the university museums, resulting in visits from people who work in the

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established to be achieved by 2030 are an ensemble of 17 goals to address global environmental and social economic concerns [1]. SDG 15 concerns the protection of terrestrial ecosystems to halt biodiversity loss. Target 15.9 states that by 2020, ecosystem and biodiversity values should be integrated into national and local planning, and is related to Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, which also involves integrating biodiversity values into national accounting and reporting systems [2]. The importance of maintaining ecosystem integrity is becoming widely recognized, not only to halt biodiversity loss, but also to preserve Nature’s benefits to human well-being, and has been included in many other targets such as the EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy’s target 2, which requires the restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems as well as the establishment of green infrastructures to enhance ecosystem services (ES) [3]. The Green Infrastructures (GI) framework is used as a policy tool and promotes the multi-functional use of landscapes to improve biodiversity conservation and benefits to society. It is formulated as a “strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas” [4] and is based on three main pillars: key habitats for target species, connectivity and ES [5]. As part of ERA-PLANET’s GEOEssential project (Essential Variables workflows for resource efficiency and environmental management), our study aims at demonstrating how the GI framework can be implemented at any geographical area or time-period through reproducible modeling workflows from field data to Essential Variables (EV) data products and policy relevant indicators to monitor and inform advances towards environmental targets. A proof of concept workflow was already set in place for computing the indicator 15.1.2: Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem, while other workflows will follow. The execution platform is the GEOEssential Virtual Laboratory, a cloud-based virtual platform which enables access to, and execution of workflows for the ecosystem science community of practice and even more. REFERENCES: 1. UNSD, 2016. Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/ (accessed 18 May 2018). 2. CBD Secretariat, 2010. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya. 3. European Commission, 2011. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020, Brussels. 4. European Commission, 2013. Green infrastructure (GI) - Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital, Brussels. 5. Liquete, C., Kleeschulte, S., Dige, G., Maes, J., Grizzetti, B., Olah, B., & Zulian, G., 2015. Mapping green infrastructure based on ecosystem services and ecological networks: A Pan-European case study. Environmental Science & Policy, 54, 268–280.

Rising demand for products derived from oil palm has resulted in accelerated expansion of its global cropping area. In Southeast Asia, where most of world's oil palm is produced, forest loss due to oil palm cultivation has become one of the major threats to biodiversity. As reviewed in Chapter 1, oil palm is now rapidly expanding in Latin America, where Colombia is the largest oil palm producer with nearly 500,000 ha currently under cultivation. Although most oil palm expansion in Colombia has taken place on partially degraded lands or in areas previously used for crops or livestock, little is known about the biodiversity that currently exists in these landscapes and the effect that expanded oil palm agriculture will have. Because Colombia is one of the world's most biodiverse countries, understanding how oil palm production affects wildlife communities is vital to inform conservation planning and improve land-management practices. In this thesis, I used mammal species as a focal group to evaluate how fauna have responded to expanding oil palm production in Colombia. Mammals are a diverse group and, as such, are good indicators of ecosystem degradation. This is because mammals occupy a wide range of ecological niches, have important and varied roles at a range of different trophic levels, and are often vulnerable to habitat fragmentation. I conducted this study in the rural areas surrounding the towns of Restrepo, Cumaral, Cabuyaro, Acacias, Castilla la Nueva, and San Carlos de Guaroa, in the Department of Meta, in the eastern plains or Llanos Orientales region of Colombia. This region, which has become the largest oil palm-production zone in the country, is a seminatural savanna ecosystem interspersed by riparian forests of differing sizes and ages along rivers and streams and human land uses such as grazing and agriculture. Within this study area, I used unbaited, automatic camera traps at 56 sites located each at least 2 km apart (33 sites in oil palm plantations and 23 in riparian forest), spanning a total area of ~2,000 km² (194‒394 m.a.s.l.) to detect terrestrial medium- and large-sized mammals (>0.5 kg). In the Llanos region, knowledge of the ecology and distribution of most terrestrial mammals is very limited. Therefore, I used multiple approaches (as described below) to address these gaps and understand the responses of mammals to oil palm plantations and other local- and landscapelevel environmental factors in the Colombian Llanos. First, in Chapter 2, I examined how species richness, abundance and composition of terrestrial mammal species differed between oil palm plantations and riparian forests. I also determined the influence of landscape- and habitat-level features on those metrics. Data from 12,403 camera-days revealed that species richness and the community-level composition of mammals differed significantly between oil palm and riparian forest, with site-level richness in oil palm plantations being 47% lower, on average, than in riparian forests. Within plantations, mammalian species…

This paper presents the overview of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogota (PUJB) RWH (rainwater harvesting) experience. In Colombia, few researches have developed projects for RWH; and no researches have considered SUDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems) for RWH purposes. The PUJB’s RWH project was a result of a research process that started within the campus in 2007, by the research group Ciencia e Ingenieria del Agua y el Ambiente (from the same university), within the framework of the PUJB Environmental Management Plan and the collaboration of the Physical Resources Office (PRO) of the University. The chosen technology, constructed-wetland/reservoir-tank (CWRT), collects stormwater runoff from a university parking building (3,776 m2), the soccer field and the areas that surround the system (14,816 m2). Recently, a monitoring program focused on the main changes of the stormwater quantity of the system was launched. The first results show that the CWRT fulfils its purpose in terms of peak and volume runoff attenuation. Additionally, the system can be seen as a full-scale laboratory to study the biodiversity and ecological impacts within the hydrological and hydraulic processes too.

This article highlights some salient ecological features of Indian coastal resources and the need for a viable coastal resources management plan. The transition between the land and the sea is one of the most fragile, complex and a productive ecosystem. It is bestowed with enormous resources, both - living, non-living and is a potential area for recreation and harnessing non-conventional energy resources (wave and wind energy). This is the zone of dynamic activity, constantly transforming itself to maintain equilibrium, under the varying intensity of the natural processes operating here Coastal zone of India has diverse ecosystems like mangroves, corals, beaches, wetlands, estuaries, lagoons and backwaters harboring many ecologically and economically important fauna and flora and also serves as a barrier against many destructive natural hazards. Coastal zone is a region of diverse activity, both complementary and conflicting to each other. Accelerated and unscientific developmental activities have induced catastrophic consequences. In order to optimally utilize&reap the benefits, without hampering the fragile balance, it is necessary to adopt coastal management strategies based on solid scientific foundation that allow for multiple use of the resources without causing serious damage to the environment. Indian seas are witnessing increased anthropogenic activities like marine fishing, off-shore oil and gas, marine transport, dumping ground for waste disposals, etc all of which have been bringing about changes in the coastal environment. Increasing stress due to development of industries, trade and commerce, tourism and resultant human population growth and migration towards coastal cities and urban centers pose a serious threat to the to the health of these coastal ecosystems and to lives and livelihoods of coastal communities. The industrial development of coast has resulted in degradation of coastal ecosystems and diminishing the living resources of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the form of coastal and marine biodiversity and productivity. Municipal sewage, land use, tourism, maritime transport, offshore oil exploration and production, dumping at sea degrade the marine environment. Felling of mangroves and clearing of forests increase the sedimentation rate affecting the live coral and species diversity. Mangroves are a crucial component deserving high priority in any coastal zone management plan as they are degraded and destroyed due to conversion into agriculture, aquaculture and industrial land. Fishery and fishery resources are another major component in coastal resource management. Preliminary efforts to develop a model coastal zone plan in three different stretches refined our skills to expand the plan at country level. As a result, an exhaustive management plan is being implemented at three different coastal states of the country. It is strongly hoped that many maladies afflicting coastal environment could be effectively addressed by formulating and actively adopting an all encompassing and exhaustive coastal zone management plan. Options to tide over this persistent issue is being debated at national and even international levels and some suggestions consistently made by public interest groups and NGOs includes: Earmarking exclusive zone for fishery, mangroves and other coastal biodiversity and for settlement for fishing communities. All fishery development recommendations suggest that Integrating fishing community with the ongoing development could be initiated to reverse their poverty. It could be done only through long term planning to enhance their special skills which will make them employable and eventually integrate them with the ongoing developmental process. It is also to be remembered that downslide in economic returns of fishing sector is a global phenomenon and Indian fishermen are no exception to this. It is strongly hoped that many maladies afflicting coastal environment could be effectively addressed by formulating and actively adopting an all encompassing and exhaustive coastal resource management plan.

This thesis examines the relationship between race and education in Colombia. The study focuses on teachers’ perceptions of racial identities and educational practices. Through conceptualising educational practice at a multi-level approach of macro (policies and curriculum), meso (media) and micro levels (teaching practice), the study explores how (racial) discourses and practices at these levels may come to affect teachers’ understanding of racial identities and how this may be manifested in their understanding of teaching practices. An empirical approach based on interviews with sixteen state school teachers in the city of Bogota is used to analyse teachers’ experiences and ideas on issues of race and education. The study contributes to the field of education in Colombia by introducing the discussion of race which, up to now, has been underexplored. More specifically, this study identifies through critical discourse analysis how teachers make sense of dominant racial structures and how their understandings bear on their perceptions of educational practices. The analysis of these issues draws on a powerful theoretical framework which combines insights from critical race theory (CRT), whiteness and postcolonialism. CRT and Whiteness, in particular, seek to explore how racial identities are structurally constituted while postcolonialism facilitates the critical interrogation of constructions of those identities in relation to colonial historical events. This approach is very innovative, as CRT and Whiteness Studies have rarely been applied to explore educational issues in Colombia. It is argued that racist discourses in Colombia tend to be reproduced through educational practices since racist structures maintain power relations and those relations shape teachers’ views. The findings strongly suggest that whiteness-centred discourses present in public policies and in the media, seem to impact on teachers’ perspectives of racial identities and on educational practices. In relation to policy, this appears to be the case firstly because policies are usually imposed rather than discussed and this leads teachers to accept policy demands as regimes of truth; and secondly because whiteness involves a dysconscious racism that obscures the power relations in asymmetric relations. Furthermore, racial structures (namely whiteness) also appear to shape teachers’ educational practices by producing discriminatory practices towards students and 3 teachers themselves. More particularly, in the construction of racial identities, the findings suggest that white privilege is present in teachers’ self-identifications and that this privilege produces exclusionary practices. Consequently, white privilege appears to affect teachers’ views of racial identities and leads them to essentialise identities as fixed and unchangeable. These essentialisations also reflect discriminatory and exclusionary practices which also shape educational practices.

Background: Currently Colombia has a process of rapid economic growth, due to its attractive geopolitical situation and excellent potential for the exploitation of natural resources. But there is a serious shortage of infrastructures for mobility and transport in rural and urban areas, which directly affects to these economics process, worse if we consider that the mobility land nets connecting the country are really inefficient. In most of metropolitan areas the situation becomes critical as in Bogota, a city on which have been done many studies of people transport networks that are not technically executables because they don’t respond totally to the complexity of the territory. Objective: This introductory text to others more specific by the same authors, contains the basic parameters sometimes overlooked in technical feasibility studies, in order to contribute with this contents as a reference’s consults to all the people (as well as future users) that can be involved in the develop of studies for building infrastructure of mobility and transport with emphasis in Bogota, but knowing that some of its contents can be also a model for other cities. Methods: Through a comprehensive analysis based mainly on secondary information (aerial photographs, satellite images, site photographs, seismic microzonation, etc...) and experiences elsewhere, were identified neuralgic sites in Bogota with mobility problems and presence of existing rail corridor for possible future implementation of an Integrated Transport System, using different types of connection networks, considering the needs of Bogota and its regional connection in the short (5-8 years), medium (5 to 10 years) and long term (15-30 years) with a projection 30 years. Results: According to different variables that control constructive aspects of the city, such as the geotechnical complexity, management culture, resources, construction technology, among others, was achieved conceptually, to design different constructive alternatives for mobility and transport infrastructure, considering the aspects mentioned. Conclusions: The urban planning of the city with respect to improving the mobility and transport, depends mainly on two aspects, the impact on the life quality of users (influenced by the social and economic activity) and the relation with the proposal of modal transportation in Bogota.

443Human rights — Environmental rights — Deforestation of Colombian Amazon forest — Protection of human rights — Right to a healthy environment — Right to life — Right to health — Colombian action of protection (“acción de tutela”) of human rights — Whether appropriate mechanism for applicants to protect their rights — Climate change — Effects — International and national instruments for protection of environment — Whether Amazon an entity “subject of rights” — Whether defendants failing to protect applicants’ rights — Whether defendants violating Paris Agreement on Climate Change and Colombian Law 1753 of 2015Jurisdiction — Human rights protection — Collective rights — Appropriate mechanism to protect applicants’ rights — Acción de tutela — Whether appropriate for protection of collective rights and interests — Whether protection of environment entailing safeguarding of supra-legal individual guarantees — Whether minors can bring claim without representationTerritory — Whether territories “subject of rights” — Human rights — Environmental rights — Deforestation of Colombian Amazon forest — Ecocentric anthropic society — Whether Amazon an entity “subject of rights”Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 — Other international instruments — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 — Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, 1976 — Protocol I additional to Geneva Conventions relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 1977 — 1972 Stockholm Declaration — United Nations Environment Programme — United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, 1992 — United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development — Rio Declaration on Environment and Development — Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests — Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Colombian Law 1844 of 2017 approving Paris Agreement — Colombian Law 1753 of 2015 — Constitution of Colombia — Whether Colombia violating its obligations under international and national law — Whether defendants failing to protect 444applicants’ rights — Whether defendants violating Paris Agreement on Climate Change and Law 1753 of 2015Human rights — Right to a healthy environment — Environmental rights — Action of protection (“acción de tutela”) in Colombia to protect human rights — Article 86 of Colombian Constitution — Popular action (“acción popular”) to protect human rights — Article 88 of Colombian Constitution — Right to life expectancy — Environmental protection — Right to enjoy a healthy environment, life and health — Relationship of environment and ecosystem with fundamental rights of life and health, and with human dignity — Fundamental rights to access water, breathe clean air and enjoy healthy environment — Right not to be sick due to environmental degradation — Right to fresh water — Right to environmental sanitationEnvironment — Territory — Whether territories “subject of rights” — Prevalence of general interest — Duty to protect natural wealth of nation — Ecological function of private property — Natural parks as inalienable, imprescriptible and unattachable — Sustainable development — Collective rights and interests — Colombian Constitutional Court Judgment C-431 of 2000 — Amazon Cooperation Treaty, 1978 — Precautionary principle — Principle of intergenerational equity — Principle of solidarity — The law of Colombia

This text aims to explore, with a critical perspective intellectually rooted in postcolonial theory, one among the most controversial urban transformations of postmodern Latin America: the one that took place in Bogota chiefly between 1993 and 2003, and that dealt primarily with the city’s public space. By focusing on the spatial aspects of change (according to Henri Lefebvre’s trialectics of social, physical and mental space) and, within that, on the urban processes and projects that determined a detachment between imaginary and real Bogota, the article aims to critically query the most prominent and first case of postmodern urban transformation in Colombia, through the analysis of the contestation that such change introduced between official and unofficial urban narratives. From the analysis of the diversity of urban narratives that emerged from a specific case – the alameda El Porvenir, this work locates the urban transformation experienced by Bogota within those local/global phenomena of rapid urban development that seem to call with growing force for the epistemological reformulation of the symbology and role of space in postmodern cities, as well as for more critically aware theorisations of its codes of production. The analysis of the narratives emerged from the case of the alameda El Porvenir will help to clarify and, hopefully, start relocating the contested “success” of the neoliberal urban agenda that, locally, has been driving urban transformations in Colombia since then. While, regionally, it has contributed to change the way public space is conceived (and planned) in Latin American cities.

This paper analyzes the impact of armed conflict on financial and economic risk in Colombia using data from 2002 to the end of 2012. We have examined the abnormal returns (AR) in the stock market in response to large-scale terrorist attacks. Our results suggest that the AR in stock market do respond to the attacks; our estimation findings show that these attacks increase the volatility of these AR. The increase in volatility is, however, rather small and short-lived. In addition to the financial risk, we have analyzed the impact of armed conflict on economic risk using the movements in industrial production. We showed the negative impact of armed conflict on the real sector with a five-month lag. We have also performed robustness checks one of which examined the attacks perpetuated only in the capital of Colombia, Bogota. The results suggest that investors do respond to a small subset of attacks executed in the capital city. We discuss the implications of the findings for risk management.

Understanding the origins and fate of air pollution in Bogota, Colombia

Ecological impact of phytoinvasions in Ukraine

L"espace public à Bogotá

Colombia has followed a typically Latin American approach to its housing problems. Conditions in the countryside had always been deficient but the vast migration to the cities forced national and local governments to devise a more active response. The first response was to encourage the middle classes to buy homes by offering them subsidized mortgages. The second was to help the poor by setting up state institutes to build homes for rent. The third was to deal with the issue of rental housing – rent controls were the inevitable if misguided response. None of these policies could cope with the vast increase in urban numbers and the housing deficit increased year by year. With the election of a neo-liberal government in 1990, the methods changed. The financially bankrupt state housing agency was closed and a Chilean style demand side housing programme introduced to help the poor. Targeted subsidies were introduced incorporating the now fashionable ABC combination (Ahorro, Bono y Credito – savings, subsidy and credit). The scheme was successful in generating large numbers of offers of subsidy although most beneficiaries failed to obtain a home because they could not gain access to credit. Various changes have been made through the years to the scheme but the basic rationale survives and has recently been enlarged. The chapter will discuss the changes, as well as the arguments underpinning the changes, and the effect that the policy has had on the housing situation. Underlying Colombian housing policy has been the assumption that every Colombian wants to own their home. The last national government promised to create ‘un pais de propietarios’. Of course, it failed, particularly in large cities like Bogota where almost one half of the population still rent their homes. Despite their enormous numbers there has been no change in housing policy and tenants and landlords continue to be ignored in official housing policy. Insofar as there has been a shift it has surprisingly come from the private sector – Camacol, the main trade organization, which was influential in modifying the rental housing law in 2003, is now discussing the possibilities of building at scale for rent. There is also some belated recognition that the targeted subsidy programme cannot work without access to cheap land and the concept of ‘macroproyectos’ has been introduced to solve that problem. There are also local efforts, e.g. in Metrovivienda in Bogota, aimed at providing cheap land for the poor. What is so far missing is any kind of sites and services programme. While the local state has been active in regularizing tenure and providing services to existing self-help settlements, there is no policy beyond targeted subsidies to cater for future demand for low-income housing. There is no solution to the housing problem in Colombia but a different approach would be helpful in mitigating some of the worst symptoms.