ПРОСТОРОВО-ЧАСОВІ ЗМІНИ БІОКЛІМАТИЧНИХ ФАКТОРІВ У ЄВРОПІ

Abstract

Based on the data from Worldclim 2.0 and the Climatic Research Unit, calculations of bioclimatic hydrothermal indicators were carried out. It is pointed out that the following factors determine the development and distribution of biota, and are used for the synphytoindication method: thermoregime, cryoregime, continentality, ombroregime. Thermoregime is based on mean annual temperatures and FAR, which are highly correlated. They also are connected with the vegetative period. It was found that the higher the latitudes and the more continental climate, the sharper the changes in average annual temperatures, as well as accordingly the vegetation period is longer. Cryoregime is one of the most significant limiting factors that determine the distribution of species, their ontogenetic cycle, the peculiarities of their phenology etc. We used average January temperatures to calculate it. It has been suggested that the change in cryoclimate led to the expansion of maple. It has an advantage over hornbeam, linden and oak because its phenological features have changed. Continentality and ombroregime affect the distribution of communities at the landscape level. We used the Gorchinsky index to calculate the continentality and the de Martonne index to calculate the ombroregime. Their change for some types of habitats contributes to the expansion of their distribution, and for others – to their reduction. As a result, there is a zonal replacement of some types of habitats by others (forests-steppes-deserts). Instead, for azonal types of habitats (aquatic vegetation, eutrophic swamps, meadows), these factors are not limiting. Corresponding maps have been created that reflect 30-year time intervals (1901-1929, 1930-1959, 1960-1989 and 1990-2019) and regional changes within Europe. A rather significant change is recorded at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries (1990-2019), which is associated with climate warming. Temporal and regional changes are multidirectional (in nature, gradient and magnitude). Correlations between them and bioclimatic parameters have been established. This serves as a basis for assigning Ukraine to four types of bioclimate (sub-humid suboceanic – forest and forest-steppe zones; subarid subcontinental – steppe zone, mountainous – Carpathians and mountain-sub-Mediterranean – Mountain Crimea). Each of them is characterized by qualitative differences. When developing appropriate forecasts for the development and changes of biota and ecosystems, it is necessary to take into account these features.