ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ ЗЕРНОПРОДУКТОВОГО ПОДКОМПЛЕКСА В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОГО ЭМБАРГО

The purpose of this study was to analyse the role of logistics systems in ensuring the efficiency of foreign trade in Kyrgyzstan’s agricultural products. To fulfil this purpose, the study investigated the dynamics of Kyrgyzstan’s foreign trade in agricultural products in 2020-2024, with a focus on export and import growth, as well as investments in logistics infrastructure. The methodology included a comprehensive approach combining economic and statistical, correlation, factor analysis, and modelling of development scenarios to assess the influence of logistics on Kyrgyzstan’s international trade in the agricultural sector. The study found that Kyrgyzstan is showing a steady increase in foreign trade in agricultural products, with exports growing from USD 2.5 billion in 2020 to USD 3.5 billion in 2024, indicating an improvement in the competitiveness of products in international markets. Modernisation of the transport and logistics infrastructure has helped to reduce transportation costs and improve storage conditions, which has positively affected the exports of key agro-export commodities such as dried fruits, cotton, and dairy products. The results of the correlation analysis, where the correlation coefficient (R) is 0.9226, confirmed the existence of a strong positive relationship between the volume of investment in logistics infrastructure and the foreign trade turnover of the Kyrgyz agriculture sector. However, the country faces serious challenges, such as bureaucratic barriers and an unstable economic situation, which limit its integration into global supply chains. To address these challenges, reforms in customs procedures, investments in road infrastructure, and the creation of modern logistics hubs are needed to increase the competitiveness of agricultural products on international markets

The intensification of industrial-digital development, driven by the widespread use of digital technologies underpinning the current technological paradigm, facilitates significant transformations in production and economic relations. This necessitates the identification and elucidation of new forms of economic relations emerging within the processes of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services, as well as the justification for measures required to support their further development. Through the systematic development of foundational principles from innovation cycle theory and technological change theory, alongside the comprehensive application of methods including systemic and comparative analysis, formal logic, generalization, systematization, expert evaluations, and classification, the content and manifestation characteristics of new forms of economic relations have been revealed. These forms arise in the processes of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption as a result of technological, production, organizational, and managerial innovations. The primary factors contributing to their emergence have been identified, and recommendations for their further development, based on mechanisms of state support, have been substantiated. It has been demonstrated that a distinctive feature of the modern system of economic relations is its innovative-transformational nature, shaped by the extensive use of contemporary digital technologies. The research has identified and characterized new organizational forms of enterprises, types of business models, changes in production process management, the nature of labour relations¹, and shifts in the employment structure, all occurring due to automation, robotics, and the digitalization of production processes. Furthermore, new types of monopolies, primary objects of competition, and the forms and peculiarities of mergers and acquisitions within the digital economy have been identified and characterized. The main forms of corporate social responsibility have been described, and directions for stimulating industrial-digital development to support and cultivate these new forms of economic relations have been determined. The proposed measures aimed at supporting and developing new forms of economic relations are expected to contribute to the formulation of appropriate policies and enhance enterprise performance in the context of ongoing industrial-digital development.

The subject of research is the current trends in the development of the meat products sub-complex of Ukraine and the formation of integration ties as an integral factor of influence on the effective activity of the livestock industry. Among the branches of agriculture, animal husbandry is a source of important food products for humans: milk, meat, eggs, and supplies various types of raw materials for industry (food, light pharmaceuticals, etc.). The growth of animal husbandry in the agricultural sector of Ukraine is formed in the meat products subcomplex, which unites producers of agricultural (animal) products, trade organisations and enterprises of the meat processing industry in the process of livestock and poultry breeding, their processing and sale of finished products. An important factor contributing to the sustainable development of the meat products sub-complex is the effective use of its components, i.e., agricultural enterprises, peasant farms, private farms of the population. The problem of sustainability in agricultural production is more complex than in other sectors of the economy. This is due to the fact that agricultural products are almost irreplaceable and the demand for them is inelastic. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research were general and special methods of studying economic phenomena and processes, basic rules of management theory and general scientific principles of economics, logical and qualitative analysis and synthesis, system structural analysis. The research was conducted on the basis of the application of general scientific methods and techniques: the method of cause-effect analysis – to identify problems in the development of enterprises of the meat products sub-complex and the industry; logical generalisation – to form conclusions and proposals; factor analysis – to identify the influence of certain factors on the development of enterprises of the meat products subcomplex. The results of the research will broaden the scientific understanding of the integration processes in the meat products subcomplex, help to overcome the fragmentation of scientific knowledge in this area, contribute to the formation of information and applied research, and can be used in the development of programmes for the development of the meat products subcomplex. Practical implications. The choice of any development strategy requires the study of all factors affecting the effective operation of the company in the future, therefore the study of integration relations and the study of methods for their improvement is an important aspect in the formation of the company's development strategy. Value/оriginality. On the basis of the peculiarities of the activities of the enterprises of the meat products subcomplex, it is worthwhile to focus on the directions of improving the integration relations of the functioning of the meat products subcomplex on the basis of the use of vertical integration, which will contribute to the coordination of the economic interests of the participants and, in general, to the growth of production volumes, the improvement of the quality of animal products and food and environmental safety in general, in solving an important scientific task of the development of the food products subcomplex on the basis of a complex system of measures aimed at preserving and restoring the potential of the interrelated industries.

Introduction. In the modern conditions of management in the agrarian sphere, the search for approaches, methods and methods of accelerating the development of the agrarian economy based on the use of the advantages of diversification has intensified. It is obvious that the orientation towards the use of the effects of diversification of production activities in agricultural production requires the establishment of systematic monitoring of the environmental factors of their functioning and the vector of their influence on the growing dynamics of production volumes and the stability of corporate structures. Methods. General scientific and special methods of learning phenomena and processes in the sphere of economic activity of enterprises were used to achieve the set goal, in particular: systemic approach − when studying the connections between phenomena and processes in the system of ensuring diversified development; comparative − for evaluating the efficiency of activity and comparing the levels of diversification of production of agricultural products; calculation-constructive – when substantiating directions of diversification of production; the method of asset portfolio analysis, simulation modelling − to substantiate the company's production program; dialectical, abstract and logical − when making theoretical generalizations, formulating conclusions. Results. For the formation of a diversification strategy, it is advisable to take into account the influence of the constituent factors of the external and internal environment of the functioning of agricultural enterprises, the level of their use of production potential and the economic risks that accompany their activity. When identifying the factors of the external and internal environment of the functioning of agricultural enterprises, we optimized their composition and proposed a system of indicators, which is combined into two groups: aggregate potential and economic risk. With the use of economic and mathematical methods, it was determined that the first cluster included administrative districts of the Kyiv region, where the economic conditions for the functioning of economic entities are the most attractive for the management of multidisciplinary agricultural enterprises; the second cluster is characterized by an average level of attractiveness; the third cluster is formed from the least attractive or risky areas for agricultural production and development of diversification. Discussion. Ukraine's membership in the EU will require new approaches to the assessment of specialized regions of Ukraine, using a cluster approach, which will ensure a high level of return on investments, including in the form of state and regional support, which will significantly increase the level of competitiveness of domestic producers and processors of agricultural products. All this will require our further research. Keywords: strategy, diversification, agricultural production, risk, production activity.

The ability of enterprises to compete in a particular product market depends not only on the totality of economic methods used for conducting business, but also directly on the competitiveness of the product. The article presents ways to improve the competitiveness of agricultural machinery products, which ultimately determines the level of competitiveness of the enterprise as a whole. The article describes the properties of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method in terms of its effectiveness in assessing the competitiveness of agricultural machinery products, and presents a model for improving competitiveness. Based on the analysis carried out, it is concluded that the DEA method should be used to assess the competitiveness of agricultural engineering enterprises.

In the conditions of the globalization of national economies, the current situation in macroeconomics and, as a result, the need to improve the quality of life of the population it is necessary to clearly outline and resolve the following three strategic tasks of the country’s agro-food complex: ensuring the country’s food sovereignty based on import substitution; improving the farm products competitiveness; ensuring high level standard of living at the rural area based on the social-economic development of the territories. The analysis of the government policy documents and concepts of developing the agricultural sector of economy has revealed the following. The state-run program for the farming sector development and regulation of the farmers’ market, agricultural raw materials and food in 2013–2020 is the main functioning tool, a primary factor of accelerated agro-food import substitution, and a foundation for the new national agricultural policy. At the same time, the program does not answer the question, how one can really improve the competitiveness of the domestic farm products. It does not outline the tasks and mechanisms to raise the standard of living for the rural population. The article considers the necessity to increase the agrofood sector competitiveness as a prospective strategic direction in the government export policy. It clarifies the key factors of the influence on the competitiveness of the domestic farm products, namely: at the macroeconomic level — equivalence of cross-sector exchange, subsidizing and credit financing of the agro-food sector; at the sectoral level — territorial and sectoral specialization in agricultural production and system of profit distribution between the producers, processors and retailers of the farm products. The article outlines the possible ways of employment assistance for the rural population being released as a result of improving the competitiveness of the agricultural production. It shows the advisability of formulating the single scientifically based interministerial document in the form of the national strategy and some relevant programs to improve the competitiveness of the country’s agro-food complex, employment and income of the rural population.

Modern world globalization processes, a highly competitive environment and meeting the requirements of national interests, place new demands on the strategy of development of the horticultural industry in Ukraine, which should be aimed at increasing the competitiveness of fruit and berry products, its quality and environmental safety. Issues of competitiveness, quality and safety of agricultural products — are the most important among research of scientists, especially in developing countries. Improving the quality and safety of agricultural products is one of the main strategies for the development of agriculture in Ukraine; therefore, economic indicators are depreciated on the secondary plan: profit, profitability level, and the indicators of biological and social value of products become priority. That is why the main purpose of writing the article is to clarify and improve the indicators of assessing the competitiveness of horticultural products as a precondition for the development of the industry, its competitiveness. To achieve the research purpose the state of the industry, its competitive advantages was analyzed; an expert evaluation of the main parameters of the competitiveness of fruit and berry products was carried out, a survey was carried out by both producers and consumers of products on the importance of individual indicators in assessing the overall competitiveness of products. As a result of the conducted research, the methodology of evaluating the competitiveness of fruit and berry products with the account of biological, ecological, production and economic parameters was specified and the main technological stages of the formation of these indicators in horticulture were determined.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the positions of Ukrainian producers on the world market of agricultural products. The article examines the potential of the Ukrainian agricultural industry, as well as the main challenges and prospects facing Ukrainian producers. The article analyzes the main branches of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, such as grain crops, vegetables and fruits, dairy and meat products, as well as fishing and forestry. Ukraine has great potential for the development of these industries, especially due to the increase in demand for health and environmentally friendly products. The article pays special attention to Ukraine's foreign economic relations in the agricultural sector. The main importing and exporting countries of agricultural products with which Ukraine cooperates are considered. The author of the article notes that Ukraine has a significant potential to increase the volume of exports of its agricultural products, but for this, a number of internal problems must be solved, such as poor infrastructure and low quality of products. The article also examines the issue of competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural products on the world market. The author of the article claims that in order to increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural products, it is necessary to maintain transparent conditions of competition, attract new investors and support the existing and implementation of international standards in the production of products. An analysis of changes in the agricultural sector of the economy after the full-scale russian invasion of Ukraine and the consequences for the whole of Europe was also carried out. The main problems of the Ukrainian agricultural sector during the war are: the occupation of the territory of Ukraine, the breakdown of the internal and external logistics chain, a decrease in the capacity of the internal market and a drop in purchasing power, a decrease in the population of Ukraine, insufficient resources for agricultural production, problems with the workforce, theft of Ukrainian agricultural machinery and products. The domestic agricultural sector needs the support of national and foreign funds, organizations and countries. The prospects of the agricultural sector in the post-war economy are considered. In particular, the key factor in the development of the agricultural sector is human capital. The development of agricultural education and science, the creation of sustainable logistics chains, the development of regional small and medium-sized enterprises, the integration of competitive products on world markets, adaptation to the climate, sustainable and ecological agriculture, technological development and the restoration of the agricultural sector.

Despite the constant positive dynamics of increasing world trade in Ukrainian agricultural products, the existing domestic foreign economic export potential is not fully used, which requires finding ways to intensify its use and further increase. Competitive struggle in foreign markets in the framework of international trade relations is significant, due to the growing number of market participants with different financial stability, solvency, level of export potential, etc. Given the above, it is advisable to determine the competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural products on world markets in order to identify ways to improve it, develop measures to develop the export potential of domestic producers and more. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the choice of indicators and criteria for analyzing the competitiveness of agricultural products in international markets. Results. The role of the principles of increasing the competitiveness of agricultural products in choosing the method of its evaluation is revealed. The classification of methods and approaches to assessing the competitiveness of agricultural products in international markets is presented. The method of qualitative analysis of the competitiveness of agricultural products has been improved. The influence of environmental factors on the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products is substantiated. Many indicators have been identified at different levels (global, partnership and national). It is established that the evaluation involves the calculation of the dynamics of the indicators provided for individual products, which allows to ensure the methodological unity of the evaluation at all levels. Keywords: evaluation, international trade and economic relations, competitive advantages, competitiveness of agricultural products, international markets.

The main directions in production development improvement of the grain products subcomplex were analyzed by the author. There is a high need for technical re-equipment of this field nowadays. The mechanical wear of hardware in the domestic agricultural production reaches 90%. Agricultural complex possesses a powerful enough scientific potential, but their capabilities are only partially used in the scientific support provision of the agricultural production. The grain logistics is gaining a global scale due to the effect of the series of factors as: logistic costs reduction and improvement of logistic services; necessity of sales grows through opening up new markets. The problematic aspects were defined and proposals for optimization of the stagnant phenomena which diminish the efficiency of grain products subcomplex were put forward.

The expanded agricultural trade deficit in recent years has caused widespread concern about the international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products. In this paper, guided by Michael Porter's diamond model theory, based on agricultural production and trade data in China and the world from 1986 to 2011, we use principal component analysis, cointegration and vector error correction model, to perform an empirical analysis of the impact of agricultural modernization, economic growth and industrialization on the international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products. The results show that China's agricultural modernization is slow, the demand for agricultural products caused by economic growth is increased, and excessive rural labor transfer due to industrialization leads to decline in the international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products. China should increase its efforts to promote the modernization of agriculture and level of industry nurturing agriculture; use WTO rules to create a good international and domestic environment for the development of China's agriculture and improvement of the international competitiveness of agricultural products; give full play to the role of demand in boosting the industrial upgrading of domestic agriculture.

Competitiveness should be understood as the ability of an individual entity to function successfully in a competitive environment, having an absolute or relative advantage over the “main players” – key competitors in the market. It is determined that the competitiveness of products is associated with the appropriate level of its quality, which is better than analogues to meet the needs of consumers. Another component is the cost of products, the nature of which is more variable compared to quality, which explains the formation of quality throughout the production cycle under the influence of mostly objective factors. The cost of production, which consists of cost and profit, has a higher level of variability due to the dependence of the level of profit on the state of market demand. In terms of profit, the competitiveness of products is closely linked to the success of the enterprise, its stability and development potential. Another aspect of product competitiveness is considered market parameters. Thus, “hard” and “soft” factors of product competitiveness were distinguished, where the first group is represented by the quality and cost of production, and the second – profit and marketing. The analysis of the existing criteria of competitiveness of goods allowed to add to the identified factors the following: social targeting, consumer novelty, informativeness, reliability, safety for consumers and the environment, product image. Features of ensuring the competitiveness of products in the agricultural sector are considered. The dependence of agricultural specialization on the location determines the critical dependence of product quality on the resource potential, which requires preservation and reproduction. This necessitates the inclusion of environmentally responsible components of responsible land use in the ways of ensuring the competitiveness of products. It is determined that the most difficult factor in managing the competitiveness of agricultural products is the price due to the peak load in the collection of crops and the need for significant storage reserves for storage of products for a long time. Ways to manage this factor are proposed to consider the development of commodity exchanges, the use of financial instruments, risk insurance. Horizontal integration for small farms and vertical integration for agricultural enterprises are recognized as additional ways to ensure the competitiveness of agricultural products.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of Visegrad coutries’ agricultural production and trade relationship. The objective is to analyze changes in agricultural production in relation to individual countries’ agricultural foreign trade performance and to identify the most important changes in area of Visegrad members’ agrarian production and trade performance and competitiveness. During the period 1993 – 2010, Visegrad countries’ agricultural production and trade were significantly affected. The volume of agricultural production was reduced especially in Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The reduction of agricultural and foodstuff production volume in the Czech Republic and Slovakia resulted in the significant growth of imports. Hungarian trade was also negatively affected by its agricultural sector and foodstuff industry stagnation. Only Poland was able during the analyzed time period significantly improve its production and trade performance. Agricultural trade of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary does not have comparative advantages in relation to the EU and third countries market. Only Poland does have comparative advantages in the field of agricultural trade, both in relation to the EU market, as well as in relation to the global market. This paper was supported by the institutional research intentions MSM 6046070906.

Recently, as the standard of living is improved and the life expectancy is lengthened by social and economic growth, demands for the safe food have increased to satisfy customer’s values such as the well–being, LOHAS (Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability) etc. As the food safety problems are emerging as social issues, the taste and quality (37.1%) and the safety (24.4%) are represented as the first considerations rather than the cost (6.1%) when customers purchase agricultural and livestock products (CRIC, 2009). As the food safety is critically considered by customers, certification systems such as GAP, HACCP, traceability management etc. have been introduced and operated to guarantee the food safety in foreign developed countries as well as in Korea. Among such certification management systems, the most fundamental method would be the traceability management system (Choi and Baek, 2009). In particular, after international outbreak of mad cow disease (BSE), developed countries such as European countries, Britain, and Japan etc. have promoted the traceability management system focused on livestock products, and are gradually expanding it toward agricultural products, fishery products, and processed food etc. Korea has followed the examples of these developed countries by promoting traceability management systems. The traceability management system for agricultural products was introduced through the amendment of Agricultural Product Quality Control Act in August, 2005, for systematically managing exact traceability information for each production process, distribution process, and sales step of agricultural products. Subsequently, the traceability management system for agricultural products was constructed in 2006 and has been operated up to now (MAF and MMAF, 2005). It is expected that the traceability management system for agricultural products could further improve customer’s reliability by securing the safety, quickly investigating the causes and taking emergency measures when problems arise. This study attempted to examine the construction of the traceability management information system to guarantee the safety of agricultural, livestock, and fishery products from production stage to consumption stage, and to describe the operation status. From the results of survey, the traceability management system for agricultural products currently operated and managed will be evaluated.

Under the conditions of strengthening competition for each enterprise, preserving and increasing the competitiveness of production is an integral and necessary attribute of the successful modern company. It is proved that the determining condition for the success of management decisions to strengthen products' competitive position in the markets is an objective and timely quantitative assessment of the competitiveness of products. It is determined that the quantitative assessment of the complex indicator of the level of product competitiveness should be carried out on the basis of the integrated indicator of product competitiveness. The analysis of the level of competitiveness of agricultural machinery products is carried out on the example of sprayers. The investigation is carried out on the example of products of one of the largest agricultural machinery enterprises in Ukraine, JSC «Elvorti». According to the results of calculations of the sprayers competitiveness, the conclusion about the competitiveness of the presented model of Tetis 24 sprayer (JSC «Ellvorti») in comparison with analogs: sprayers UX5200 Amazone (Germany), 840 John Deere (USA) 3000 Hardi Navigator (Denmark) and OPK-24 (PJSC «Boguslav Agricultural Machinery») on a certain segment is made. The carried out analysis showed that Tetis 24 sprayer is not competitive with Amazone and John Deere sprayers. At the same time, it is less advantageous to compare the competitiveness of the domestic sprayer with the American model. Compared with sprayers manufactured by PJSC Boguslavska Silhosptekhnika and Hardi Navigator, the sprayer manufactured by JSC Elvorti is competitive. The obtained result can be explained by the low level of solvency of consumers of a certain segment, who have relatively low requirements for quality, service, and marketing promotion of the sprayer. The analysis results make it possible for domestic manufacturers to carry out controlled process of managing the level of products competitiveness depending on the characteristics of its implementation in the market. Increasing the level of product competitiveness will ensure optimal and efficient use of available resources of the enterprise, will allow the most effective planning of marketing activities to enter new markets, increase service, due to the complete meeting the consumers demands.