ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ І ВІДНОШЕННЯ ДО СВІТУ: ПРОБЛЕМА ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

Abstract

The article generalizes theoretical approaches to the disclosure of the essence of the concepts of activity, personality, tools. It is found out that the child acquires culture in active productive activity and under specific laws, determines different attitudes to the outside world and himself. There is a connection between the individual and his personal level of creativity. Attention is paid to clarifying the substantive content of different types of children's activities and determins its structural components: need – motive – goal – conditions for achieving the goal. When combining goals and conditions, a task arises. The mechanism for achieving the goal is understood as the process of solving the task and is described through a sequence of actions. The action itself consists of operations that meet the conditions of the task. Based on the analysis of studies, the sequence of development of child’s first volitional movement; the child in the prosess of manual operations performed with the surrounding objects is described. It is emphasized that each individual in the process of individual development receives from the previous generations not only ready-made tools, but also the formed ways of their usage, which they must master. These socially-shaped ways of using tools, or in other words, operations with tools, differ in a number of specific features, that mastering of subject manipulations creates a necessary basis for the child to learn their verbal substitutes and gives the latter a more precise and definite meaning. The described forms of manipulation with objects the child learns through imitation and as a result of his own practice. The level of mastering operations with tools depends not only on the age of the child, but and foremost on the practical experience gained by it, which allows to distinguish specific stages: 1) previous mastering of the operation; 2) practical mastering of the operation; 3) improving the operation. So, further studies have shown the specificity of forming operations with tools, the improvement of skills in the process of automation is a higher synthesis, the integration of the motor components that are part of it, based on the reflection of the most significant conditions of action. Keywords: activity, preschoolers, actions, operations, tools, personality.