Abstract
The anatomy and features of the histological structure of the components of the eye of a one-humped camel were investigated. Ultrasound examinations of the eye, determination of the iridocorneal angle with a gynoscope were carried out on live animals in the clinic after the introduction of eye drops (xylocaine 2%, atropine sulfate 3%). The condition of the eye membranes was determined by histological methods. The studies were carried out on twenty eyeballs from ten clinically healthy adult camels, selected during slaughter in a meat processing enterprise. The anatomical and topographic features of the organ, its membranes and structures, absolute and relative mass, and linear measurements were determined. Thin histological sections of the eye wall were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, impregnated with silver nitrate, followed by examination under a microscope. In a one-humped camel, the eyelashes of both eyelids are very thick and long. The internal architectonics of the eyeball of a one-humped camel is similar to that of other animal species. The lens was found to be a transparent biconvex structure located inside the eyeball just behind the iris. The cornea of the eye occupies almost the entire visible part of the eye. The ciliary body is located behind the iris near the lens. The main functions of the ciliary body are the formation of intraocular fluid (aqueous humor), which fills the front of the eye. The ciliary body contains muscles that enable the eye to focus on objects located at different distances. A feature of the camel’s eye is the very open iridocorneal angle. The retina is built up by nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye. The retina perceives light, generates impulses that pass through the optic nerve and are sent to the brain. The histological structure of the membranes of the eye was studied after applying routine methods. It has been established that the eyes are built by various types of tissues, in particular, epithelial (epithelium of the conjunctiva), dense loose connective tissue (the corneal substance itself), loose connective tissue and pigment tissue (choroid) and nervous tissue with a layer of melanocytes and keratinocytes.
Highlights
The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) is the largest mammal perfectly fitted to survive and breed under extreme arid conditions despite prolonged droughts, drastic fluctuations in ambient temperatures and food shortages (Bouâouda et al, 2014)
It has been noted that the orbital cornea, which was a light blue area formed by a thin layer modified skin with little hair, surrounded the eyelids
We find the layer of vessels, which contains very many arteries and veins dependent on the ciliary vessel system, the choriocapillary layer is characterized by the presence of an important capillary network depending on the vessels of the layer previous, a thin layer of collagen and elastic micro fibrils covered on one side by the basement membrane of the capillaries of the choriocapillary layer and on the other by the basement membrane of the pigment epithelium of the retina
Summary
The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) is the largest mammal perfectly fitted to survive and breed under extreme arid conditions despite prolonged droughts, drastic fluctuations in ambient temperatures (frost and heat waves) and food shortages (Bouâouda et al, 2014). The need for vision is not the same according to the species, in particular according to the environment in which it lives, the speed with which it moves the food which it must acquire and the vigilance which it must show. The dromedary has large eyes which have thick, double-layered eyelashes and bushy eyebrows and they have sharp vision. Their orbits are circular, equidistant, completely osseous and markedly projecting laterally (Noor et al, 2018). The camel eyes are protected by prominent supra-orbital ridges and have three eyelids They move from side to side rather than up and down. The lenses of their eyes contain crystallin, which constitutes 8 to 13% of the protein present there (Garland et al, 1991)
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