Ганглиозиды мозга и их функции как природных адаптогенов

Abstract

In this review some aspects of investigation of vertebrate brain lipids made under the guidance of academician E.M.Kreps and then by his collaborators are characterized using as an example the studies of brain gangliosides. In brain gangliosides and individual phospholipids of cold-water stenothermal teleost fishes higher content of polyenoic and monoenoic fatty acids was revealed than in the brain gangliosides and individual phospholipids of warm-water stenothermal teleosts. The changes in fatty acid composition of lipids during adaptation of fishes to living in cold water and at great water depth are directed to the maintenance of the optimal degree of brain cell membrane fluidity and microheterogeneity. The results of cluster analysis of the data on composition and structure of carbohydrate component of brain gangliosides of various ectothermic vertebrates were used to create a dendrogram. This dendrogram was found to correspond appreciably to the tree of classical taxonomy of vertebrates. The changes in molecular organization of brain gangliosides in the course of evolution of vertebrates are suggested to contribute to differentiation of brain and complication of its functions in phylogenesis. The main mammalian brain gangliosides (GM1, GD1a, GD1b и GT1b) protect nerve cells against the action of excitatory amino acids, hydrogen peroxide, amyloid β-peptide and other toxins, their protective effect depending on activation of Trk receptor tyrosine kinase and downstream protein kinases (Akt, ERK1/2, protein kinase C). Another mechanism of protection is used by GM1 and GD1a gangiosides against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced toxicity. It appears to be due to changes of lipid composition of plasma membrane rafts of nerve cells due to exogenous ganglioside incorporation, which prevents LPS receptors TLR4 translocation to them. Using Morris water test intranasal administration of gangliosides was shown to prevent the impairment of spatial memory in rats with 2-nd type diabetes mellitus. Intranasal administration of gangliosides was used for the first time, its high efficiency was shown.