Abstract
Introduction: the article analyzes the fundamental principles of electoral law and how they are implemented in various electoral systems. Purpose: to identify the objective criteria a democratic electoral system must meet. Methods: along with general scientific methods, there have been used specific scientific methods, including comparative legal and systemic ones. Results: there have been identified three principles of electoral law that can be recognized as fundamental: the principles of equal, free, and fair election. They mutually presuppose, guarantee, and supplement each other. Moreover, provisions of one principle can be corrected by provisions of the others. Thus, the principles of equal, free and fair election form an integral sustainable system whose elements are in a dialectical unity. These principles cover all the subjects of electoral law and electoral process and they must be followed at each stage of elections. Furthermore, they are complex and include provisions of a number of secondary principles (the principles of universal, equal, direct suffrage in a secret ballot, etc.). Conclusions: the above principles are implemented to the greatest extent in ranked voting. Some ranked voting systems ensure proportional representation of parties. Elections held based on such voting assure free and equal participation of both independent and party candidates. Many other majoritarian, proportional or mixed-member electoral systems do not meet the abovementioned criteria.
Highlights
Introduction: the article analyzes the fundamental principles of electoral law and how they are implemented in various electoral systems
Results: there have been identified three principles of electoral law that can be recognized as fundamental: the principles of equal, free, and fair election
The principles of equal, free and fair election form an integral sustainable system whose elements are in a dialectical unity. These principles cover all the subjects of electoral law and electoral process and they must be followed at each stage of elections
Summary
Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет 614990, Россия, г. Введение: в статье анализируется фактор степени реализации основных принципов избирательного права в различных избирательных системах. Результаты: среди принципов избирательного права можно выделить триаду основных принципов (равных, свободных и справедливых выборов). Следовательно, принципы свободных, равных и справедливых выборов образуют целостную и устойчивую систему, элементы которой находятся в диалектическом единстве. Данные принципы распространяют свое действие на всех субъектов избирательного права и процесса, должны соблюдаться на каждой стадии проведения выборов; они являются комплексными и включают в себя положения ряда второстепенных принципов (всеобщего, равного, прямого избирательного права при тайном голосовании и др.). Выводы: в наибольшей степени указанные принципы избирательного права реализуются в случае проведения преференциального голосования. Реализация основных принципов избирательного права в избирательных системах мых и партийных кандидатов. Ключевые слова: избирательное право; принципы избирательного права; избирательная система; мажоритарные избирательные системы; пропорциональные избирательные системы; смешанные пропорциональные системы; полупропорциональные избирательные системы
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