Abstract
The entry into the environment of various pollutants associated with anthropogenic activities adversely affects its condition. Heavy metals make a significant contribution to the deterioration of the environmental situation, which requires the adoption of certain measures to minimize it. The role of living objects (microorganisms, plants, fungi, algae) in the biotransformation of these xenobiotics into non-toxic forms is well studied and is a developing area of biotechnology. It offers efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly approaches to clean up soils and aquatic ecosystems contaminated with metals. This literature review analyzes phytoremediation mechanisms, including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, and hydraulic control, as well as various strategies of bacteria, algae, fungi, such as bioaccumulation, biosorption, biotransformation, biomineralization. The advantages of using certain mechanisms, their limitations and prospects are compared.
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