ДЕРЖАВНО-ПРИВАТНЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО У СФЕРІ ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ

The paper discusses public-private partnership as a management technology—a long-term agreement between national or local government and private company. In times of economic crisis, the role of the private sector becomes increasingly significant as it gains status as an equal partner alongside the state in achieving the country's strategic socio-economic goals. The effectiveness of crisis planning and the restoration of the national economy crucially depend on fostering cooperation between the state, private sector, and civil society institutions. The most effective form of such cooperation is establishing public-private partnerships (PPP). The formation of public-private partnerships is driven not only by the state's motivation to provide financial resources to the private sector for achieving socially significant goals of socio-economic development but is also closely linked to the adoption of complex organizational, managerial, and production technologies. The principles underlying PPP play a crucial role not only in mobilizing financing for the private sector but also in utilizing sophisticated methodologies of organizational effectiveness, strategic management, and advanced production processes. Essentially, the widespread adoption of PPP principles reflects a comprehensive approach to mitigating the crisis's effects, encompassing not only financial considerations but also innovative strategies and cooperative frameworks that extend beyond traditional sectoral boundaries. This multifaceted approach is vital for overcoming economic downturns and charting a course toward sustainable socio-economic development. Thus, integrating PPP principles into crisis management measures represents a holistic strategy that harnesses the collective forces of the state, private sector, and civil society for greater resilience and prosperity of the nation. Objective. The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of public-private partnership (PPP) assets on economic growth and propose strategies for implementing programs aimed at restoring Ukraine's economy. Methods. Macro-economic analysis, econometric analysis, trend analysis. Results. Enhancing the information infrastructure of PPP should create an atmosphere of trust between private and government entities when establishing contacts for project implementation, as well as realizing the real benefits for each of these entities participating in PPP projects. Ukraine is gradually implementing pilot projects with the support of international organizations and business representatives, leveraging significant economic potential for this purpose. In the context of establishing a legislative and institutional framework, successful preparation and implementation of pilot PPP projects in various sectors of Ukraine's economy, including infrastructure, energy, and municipal services, open up new opportunities for potential investors, banks, and consultants in one of the largest markets in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine is a country with rapid development of transportation infrastructure and favorable investment conditions. The Ministry of Infrastructure, supported by the European Union, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Investment Bank, the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation, and other international partners, is working on modernizing the national transportation system by attracting investments, implementing PPP projects, and engaging private sector investments. Attracting private capital into infrastructure is a key and pressing issue for Ukraine. PPP is considered a social innovation that brings together government and business resources to address social issues. They serve as crisis management tools for ensuring sustainable economic development in regions.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the challenges faced by the public and private sectors in developing output specifications for Australian public private partnership (PPP) projects. In particular, this study aims to examine how the stakeholders (including facilities managers) should cater for future changes in output specifications and make them flexible enough to meet the evolving project objectives.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on 19 semi‐structured interviews with key stakeholders from the public and private sectors in three States of Australia where PPP procurement has been used, including New South Wales (NSW), Queensland and Victoria. The results are triangulated with relevant literature for supports and contrasts.FindingsFor PPP projects, a good set of output specifications is conducive to the achievement of value for money, innovation, risk transfer, whole life asset performance through a clear abatement regime and an effective linkage of performance criteria to the payment mechanism. For existing specifications, it was found that too many and complex KPIs were specified, which were difficult to monitor, measure and implement by the client. Very prescriptive specifications hindered innovations and did not allow appropriate risk allocation. Further, the research study suggests that after the global financial crises, the private sector had less appetite to take the patronage risks in road and rail PPP projects. To mitigate these pitfalls, it is imperative that output specifications need to be aligned with the type of PPP projects they represent; in particular foreseeable changes should be addressed by some pre‐agreed framework to facilitate negotiation.Originality/valueThe significant contribution of this research is the identification of the common issues faced in drafting output specifications for Australian PPP projects. Stakeholders of future PPP projects should find the lessons useful for achieving value for money and appropriate risk transfer, stating the user requirements through clear and concise output specifications rather than input or prescriptive specifications in procuring social and economical PPP projects. Their relationships with facilities management are highlighted.

Public authorities and governments in many countries tended to allocate to the private sector the operations management of existing PPP projects and for financing new projects. There are a lot of benefits from following this approach for all parties. These benefits included risk mitigation, cost savings in governmental expendures, service improvement, employment opportunities, and enhancement in economic indices. This approach was called public-private partnership (PPP). This term was defined as “a cooperative venture between the public and private sectors, built on the expertise of each partner that best meets clearly defined public needs through the appropriate allocation of resources, risks and rewards.” (World Bank, 2016) Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) projects become an important methodology for governments of both developed and developing countries, as a result from crucial role and their worldwide use. The PPP methodology enables public authorities and governments to allocate risks to different parties especially the private sector. According to the World Bank report the private financial participation in Egypt has accounted $219,229.82 Million in the period from 1990 to 2000. This figure has increased to $998,667.36 Million in 2015. (World Bank, 2016) PPP projects are usually more difficult to implement than other traditional procurement models because of their complexity and that their nature and their long duration. Previous research studies on several PPP projects showed that a number of problems exist in the project returns. Additionally these researches show that there is a need for an objective, reliable and practical return assessment model for PPP projects. This required model will help decision makers to assess the profitability of PPP projects at their early stages. To apply PPP projects in Egypt successfully, one of the fundamental requirements is to perform and implement a comprehensive analysis of Return on Investment (ROI). To do that analysis, it should include the factors affecting the ROI relating the projects’ influences such as ; financial, legal, political ,social, etc.

The number of Public-Private Partnerships in the education sector is growing in developing and emerging economies. Traditionally governments are the main financial contributor to education however, the involvement of the private sector is an increasing one. While more established in primary and secondary education, PPPs in tertiary education are a phenomenon rather slowly growing in the past decades (Patrinos, Barrera-Osorio, & Guaqueta, 2009). There are various concepts of PPPs in higher education each targeting different goals. In order to give an insight into different types of PPPs, the typology according to Mabizela has been briefly displayed and the case of a PPP in Namibia is given. The framework of the partnership was compiled to give an outlook on the practicability of partnerships. The paper exemplifies that both partners within a PPP can benefit from the added value they may generate for their target group. Thus, the benefit depends on quality, relevance and execution of the partnership.


 
 
 
 
 The focus of this study was to investigate public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education, in this instance by evaluating the Educational Management Organisations (EMOs) Program in Sindh, Pakistan. The study was guided by the research questions that were intended to evaluate to what extent, how, in what way, and for whom the PPP mode of education through EMOs improves access to education, ensures quality and equity in education, and sustainability in the context of Sindh, Pakistan. We chose the realist evaluation as a methodological approach, applied New Public Management as a theoretical framework to answer the research questions, and adopted a mixed methods research design. The findings indicate that PPPs through EMOs have some advantages in terms of better governance of schools through autonomy and decentralisation. The schools’ accountability, monitoring, and evaluation have somehow improved. However, the broader impact of EMO reform still does not reflect in increasing access, overall quality, and ensuring equity.
 
 
 
 

Education is a key instrument for any nations’ economic, political, and social development. This is because education increases productivity of workers, reduces criminal activities, reduces mortality rates, and controls birth rates among many others. To these ends, governments assume the responsibility for providing and financing education. However, due to limited resources, governments, particularly in low and middle income countries are not able to respond to the high need and demand for education. It is in this perspective that governments have to explore diverse ways of financing and providing education. They therefore involve the private sector in financing and management of educational institutions. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in widening access to higher education in Rwanda. Specifically, it tried to find out the extent to which PPPs has widened access to tertiary education in Rwanda, to highlight different forms of PPPs in Rwandan tertiary education and finally to explore different challenges to PPPs in Rwandan tertiary education. The study was a critical review critical review of different educational documents about the role of the public-private partnership in education. The study revealed that PPPs has considerably widened access to tertiary education. It was also revealed that PPPs take the form privately managed educational institutions, public and private organizations offering scholarships to students and the purchase of educational services from private sector by the government. It was finally revealed that lack of qualified staff, limited financing, and lack of policy and framework are key challenges to PPPs in tertiary education. Hence, government was recommended to develop clear PPPs policy and framework governing PPPs and both public and private sectors to strengthen PPPs to widen access to tertiary education for country sustainable development.

Education is a key instrument for any nations’ economic, political, and social development. This is because education increases productivity of workers, reduces criminal activities, reduces mortality rates, and controls birth rates among many others. To these ends, governments assume the responsibility for providing and financing education. However, due to limited resources, governments, particularly in low and middle income countries are not able to respond to the high need and demand for education. It is in this perspective that governments have to explore diverse ways of financing and providing education. They therefore involve the private sector in financing and management of educational institutions. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in widening access to higher education in Rwanda. Specifically, it tried to find out the extent to which PPPs has widened access to tertiary education in Rwanda, to highlight different forms of PPPs in Rwandan tertiary education and finally to explore different challenges to PPPs in Rwandan tertiary education. The study was a critical review critical review of different educational documents about the role of the public-private partnership in education. The study revealed that PPPs has considerably widened access to tertiary education. It was also revealed that PPPs take the form privately managed educational institutions, public and private organizations offering scholarships to students and the purchase of educational services from private sector by the government. It was finally revealed that lack of qualified staff, limited financing, and lack of policy and framework are key challenges to PPPs in tertiary education. Hence, government was recommended to develop clear PPPs policy and framework governing PPPs and both public and private sectors to strengthen PPPs to widen access to tertiary education for country sustainable development.

Public-private partnership acts as a form of effective interaction between the public partner and private investors in order to solve various social problems. The social sphere, being mainly the object of direct public administration and financing, is experiencing significant needs in resources, the introduction of modern management methods and advanced technologies. Budget funds do not allow to fully and in a short period to solve these problems, so it becomes necessary to attract directly the competencies and investments of the private sector. Education and health are at the center of the social sectors. The relevance of the use of public-private partnership in the social sphere is due to the fact that in a relatively short period of time it is possible to eliminate gaps in the development of social infrastructure by combining efforts, funds, risks of two economic entities – the state and business. The study of foreign experience in the implementation of socially significant projects using public-private partnership tools is necessary to assess the possibility of using similar models in Russia. Interaction between the state authorities and the private sector in terms of pooling resources and potentials within this task will actively attract investment, efficiently and timely implement social projects, improve the quality of social services to the population, increase the level of management of social infrastructure, promote the development of public institutions of the social sphere. At the same time, the public-private partnership will help to use effectively financial resources, experience and professionalism of the private sector while maintaining state control over social assets. Based on the analysis of the uncovered need for resources for the accelerated development of the social sphere, the author of the article proposes: the launch of new mechanisms of financial support from the Federal budget and the increase in budget funding for the purpose of providing “budget leverage” in public-private partnership projects; improvement of legislation in the field of public-private partnership to eliminate “barriers” and simplify the procedure for launching public-private partnership projects in education and health care; updating planning documents (changing existing documents of state strategic planning), including with a view to change priorities in infrastructure development and the mechanisms used for this.

Determinants of public-private-partnership performance: the case of Pakistan

Changes in the education process indicate the increasing occurrence of the privatization of education, as well as the emergence of permeation of public and private partnerships that are supported by global education policies. Considering that in the Republic of Serbia this topic is insufficiently studied, the goal of the paper is to present public-private partnerships in their complexity, possibilities, but also the implied challenges. Also, in order to understand the specificity of public-private partnerships in education, it is necessary to present the historical development of this type of partnership, as well as its broader socio-economic framework. Twofold demands placed on modern educational institutions indicate the complexity of the situation. On the one hand, educational institutions should retain its specificity while at the same time their increasingly pronounced contribution to economic efficiency is expected, resulting in establishing cooperation between the public and private sectors. The paper presents in more details the ways of achieving public-private partnerships in education. The contribution of the paper includes the actualization of literature dealing with the topic of public - private partnership. On the basis of the studied literature, it is concluded that in the future the greatest impacts of public - private partnerships can be expected within higher education.

PurposeThis paper has two objectives. The first objective is to examine the important performance indicators of the lifecycle process of public private partnership (PPP) projects. The second objective is to investigate the difference in the perception of the importance of the performance indicators between the public and private sectors.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the research objectives, the study used a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was distributed via postal mail to officers of government departments and private sector companies who may have been involved in PPP projects. A total of 237 completed questionnaires were received, representing a 51.52% response rate. To examine the importance of performance indicators, the descriptive statistical tests of mean, standard deviation and mean score ranking were used. Independent t-tests were conducted to investigate the differences in the perceptions of the importance of performance indicators between the two respondent groups.FindingsThe findings show that all the 16 performance indicators are perceived as important and very important. The top five important performance indicators for a PPP project lifecycle process are “Time management”, “Contractual management”, “Cost management”, “Safety management” and “Effective risk management system”, while “stress or conflicts management” is the least important. In terms of the differences in the perception of the public and private sector groups, the results indicate that four indicators (“environment protection”, “cost management”, “effective risk management system” and “good work environment”), show a significant statistical difference between the perception of the public and the private sector respondents.Originality/valueThis study offers empirical evidence on key performance indicators for a PPP project that are crucial throughout its lifecycle as perceived by two key parties in a PPP contract, i.e. the public and the private sectors.

Indian Railways, since its inception have been under government ownership. But with increasing demand and cost pressures, entry of private sector has become inevitable. Indian railways have also embraced the idea of use of public private partnership for better public service and efficient resource utilization. This paper studies the effectiveness of using public private partnership (PPP) model in Indian railways. The public-private partnership model for investment, though a phenomenal success in case of roadways, or in other words, highway development projects, has till now failed in making any significant impact in the railway sector Well aware of the importance of PPPs in economic development, the railways had initiated several concrete measures to explore the PPP route for improving its flagging infrastructure across the country. But the private sector's response to these initiatives, however, has been somewhat subdued. The paper studies the various PPP projects which IR has undertaken, and which are in the pipeline for the future, their success rate, the factors which are acting as enablers, and more importantly, the factors, which are responsible for lower success rate of PPP model in Indian Railways. It tries to explore the opportunities and potential hidden in using PPP model for Indian railways.

The transaction cost in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) project is an inevitable issue due to the long-term contract and complex interests. This research aims to explore the influence factors of transaction cost via public or/and private perspectives with developed and developing economics in the whole project life cycle. Literature review is adopted as the research method to study the transaction cost issue and provide a new perspective of transaction cost via distinguishing private and public sector in PPPs project. The research finds that the influence factors of transaction cost exist from preparation phase to operation phase, which include the following 11 dimensions: Improper allocation of risks; Lack of enough experience and knowledge for government staffs; Ex-post assessment; Lack of complete standards and regulations; Design flaw; PPPs’ inherent character; Government condition; Quality of project brief; Government’s serious investigation; Investment climate; Integrity and enforcement of contract. The research finds that, in different economics, the above 11 factors impact public and private sector in distinct way, and by understanding the factors how to influence the transaction cost will help PPPs participations manage and control the potential cost and risk better.

The article summarizes scientific discussions on the use of public-private partnership in the health sector and concludes that it is relevant as a tool for sustainable development of the country, regions and individual industries. The structural elements of public-private partnership have been identified. Based on the systematization of literary sources on approaches to the definition of public-private partnership, it was found that the content of the category "public-private partnership" is revealed through the complementarity of the project and institutional approaches, as well as in aspects of strategic development and stylistic reception in a broad sense, as a result of which the author's interpretation of the category public-private partnership in the medical field. The types of public-private partnerships as a tool for sustainable development of the country and its regions are systematized and the feasibility of integrating various projects is substantiated. The main features of public-private partnership in the medical field are revealed, revealing the specifics of partnership between the state and the private sector as an economic category. Key words: public-private partnership, private sector, medical sphere, healthcare, sustainable development. It is proved that the use of the term public-private partnership in scientific and practical activities is associated with the introduction of a new economic form of interaction between the state and the private sector for effective attraction and use of financial resources and organizational opportunities of business in limited investment resources. The author explored the variety of forms and areas of partnership between the state and business, which makes it a universal tool for solving government problems in priority areas of the economy and increasing the country's competitiveness, ensuring sustainable national and regional growth and sustainable economic relations.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education: potentials and risks. The complexity of PPPs in education and their impact on accessibility, quality, and social justice are reflected upon. Various aspects of the influence of public-private partnerships in education are considered, emphasizing the necessity of careful regulation of PPPs to ensure the effectiveness and development of education.