Роль карбоангідраз у механізмах концентрування карбону водних фотоавтотрофів

Abstract

The article surveys multiple roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) in inorganic carbon (Ci) acquisition by cyanobacteria, microalgae, and macrophytes under Ci limiting conditions. Slow Ci diffusion in aquatic environments imposes the need for carbon concentrating mechanisms (also named CO2 concentrating mechanisms, CCMs) in aquatic photoautotrophs to transport Ci against the gradient and ensure CO2 supply to photosynthesis. There are common requirements for efficient CCM functioning in cyanobacteria, algae, and aquatic angiosperms, including active transport of HCO3- to the Ci-concentrating compartment and CO2 generation from the HCO3- pool in the Rubisco-enriched subcompartment. Facilitating Ci diffusion in aqueous solutions and across lipid bilayers, CAs play essential roles in CCMs that are best studied in cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms. Roles of CAs in CCMs depend on their localization and include facilitation of active transmembrane Ci uptake by its supplying at the outer surface (Role 1) and removal at the inner surface (Role 2), as well as the acceleration of CO2 production from HCO3- near Rubisco (Role 3) in a special CO2-tight compartment, carboxysome in cyanobacteria or pyrenoid in microalgae. The compartmentalization of CAs is also critical because, if activated in the HCO3- –concentrating compartment, they can easily eliminate the Ci gradient created by CCMs.