Табиғи және техногендік сипаттағы өрттердің зиянды шығарындыларын талдау

Abstract

Over the past decade, the number of natural and man-made fires has increased, which lead to great casualties, serious environmental pollution and large economic losses. The paper presents the statistics of forest and steppe fires for 2022 in the Republic Kazakhstan, and the statistics of deaths in emergencies associated with a fire. During forest fires, the composition of combustion products depends on the composition of wood and the conditions of its combustion. Accordingly, the emissions are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Also, the calculation of the explosion radius in the diesel fuel warehouse was made. It has been established that the maximum explosion pressure and flame temperature for mixtures of limiting composition are practically constant at different initial pressures. For a mixture of constant composition, these characteristics change significantly with an increase in the initial pressure. The composition of combustion products is analyzed at various initial pressures. From the analysis of time scales, area, facilities and equipment, ignition sources, types of emergency substances and liability, statistical results show that the most dangerous area is the loading and unloading area and the most vulnerable facility and equipment are storage tanks. Meanwhile, the proportions of ignition sources are distributed so evenly that the prevention of fire and explosion must be equally focused on several factors of influence. A vapor cloud explosion may be the most common type of accident at oil depots, and management responsibility dominates all accident causes. A visual interpretation of the obtained results is presented.