Abstract
Background: Photonic crystals (PCs) have emerged as a new material for light manipulation, providing unprecedented control over light-matter interaction. This unique capacity is due to their periodic dielectric structure, which may produce photonic band gaps that impact photon transmission. Objective: The article summarizes current advances in photonic crystal design and use, focusing on their significance in creating next-generation optical systems. Methods: The article performed a complete literature analysis, concentrating on the most recent PC production and characterization approaches. Innovative techniques like 3D printing, nanoimprint lithography, self-assembly, and advanced computational modelling were studied in depth to optimize their optical characteristics. Results: Recent studies show that PC manufacturing accuracy has increased significantly, allowing for more effective light manipulation and enhanced optical device functioning. Applications such as ultrasensitive sensors, improved optical fibers, and innovative laser designs demonstrate PCs' rising value. Conclusion: The ongoing advancement of photonic crystal technology is laying a solid basis for the next generation of optical devices. These developments improve existing applications and provide opportunities to investigate new functionality in optical and other electromagnetic systems. Incorporating PCs into numerous technical sectors holds the prospect of significant advances in both commercial and scientific fields.
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