Менеджмент возвращения в спорт элитных спортсменов: многомерная перспектива

The relationship between dual-career and post-sport career transition among elite athletes in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe

As the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing approach, both the general public and health care professionals are gaining interest in the potential health implications of sport. When asthma and allergy are present in athletes, this may affect their performance and achievements and justify the special attention of health care professionals who specialize in taking care of top athletes. However, the impact of allergy and asthma on sport and exercise goes further than just top athletes. The Editors of Allergy decided that in this issue they would focus the attention of allergy and asthma specialists by presenting a series of articles on the relationship between sport, asthma and allergy in the hope that an increased awareness of these problems would be highlighted not only for sports medicine doctors but also for all practicing allergists. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a general concern for growing children and adolescents. In most international guidelines, one of the main objectives of treating asthma during childhood is for the child to be able to master EIA. Also among athletes, and especially elite athletes, EIA and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) have become major problems with regard to the correct diagnosis and to treatment. EIA is increasingly common among the top athletes of several different types of sport. Traditionally this has been reported mainly in athletes competing in endurance sports in cold climates, especially among cross-country skiers (1, 2) and swimmers (3, 4), but also among endurance athletes in summer sports (5). A surprisingly high prevalence of asthma (56%) diagnosed by the reversibility of lung function to inhaled ß2-agonists (56%) was reported among professional Canadian football players (6). The prevalence of EIA among top athletes has increased over the past decades. Weiler et al. reported 11% prevalence of EIA among American athletes participating in the 1984 Summer Olympic Games (7) and an increase to a prevalence of more than 20% was noticed among American participants in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta (8). Treating asthma and EIA in top athletes might seem a trivial matter and perhaps a luxury, given that athletes usually master physical performance better than most of us. However, even athletes need an optimal diagnosis and treatment for their asthma. This has been demonstrated by Becker et al. who reported deaths linked to athletic performance over a 7-year period in the USA (9). Out of 263 deaths, 61 were asthma related. Among those occurring in competitive athletes, 51% occurred while participating in organized sports. Only one of the 61 athletes used inhaled steroids (9). Thus, optimal asthma treatment is a must among competitive athletes. Two hypotheses attempt to explain the relationship between physical activity and EIA. One relates to cooling of the airways because of increased ventilation during exercise, the other because of an increased loss of water from the respiratory tract, also caused by increased ventilation during exercise. Airway cooling because of respiratory heat loss during the increased ventilation in exercise is thought to cause vasoconstriction in bronchial vessels followed by a secondary reactive hyperemia with resulting edema and airways narrowing (10). Secondly, there is substantial evidence that EIA is effected through the release of mediators from mast cells and other inflammatory cells of the airways. This is thought to be caused by the high ventilation rates of top athletes (up to >280 l/min) during exercise with a considerable water loss due to the saturation of inhaled air with water. The cause of mediator release is the change in osmolarity of the periciliary fluid lining the respiratory mucosal membranes (11). The effectiveness of inhaled mannitol as a tool to diagnose BHR further confirms this hypothesis (12). The first observation that high intensive exercise may cause an increase in BHR was made in Norwegian competitive swimmers in whom the BHR increased after a swimming exercise of 3000 m (3) and then in young skiing athletes during the competitive season (13). Heavy endurance training, especially when performed in an unfavorable environment, presents stress to the mucosal membrane of the airways. This was shown by Sue Chu et al. in bronchial biopsies from highly-trained young skiers without asthma but with increased airways responsiveness to cold air (14, 15). They described an increased airways inflammation with lymphoid aggregates and an increased tenascin expression (as measured through the thickness of the tenascin-specific immunoreactivity band in the basement membrane) in the skiers (14, 15). Similar findings were recently described experimentally comparing exercising and sedentary mice (16). Furthermore, inflammatory changes in induced sputum were reported among competitive swimmers (4). Thus, intense and repeated physical endurance training over prolonged periods of time in combination with nonoptimal environmental conditions may contribute to the development of asthma and BHR among top athletes. Endurance training and competition in unfortunate environmental conditions are thought to contribute to the development of BHR among top athletes. Examples are the development of BHR and EIA among cross-country skiers (1, 2) and among competitive swimmers (4). Larsson showed that cold air inhalation increased the number of inflammatory cells in broncho alveaveolar lavage (17). In children, Bernard et al. found a relationship between the time spent in swimming pools during early childhood and the development of asthma as well as signs of lung involvement by increased serum levels of surfactant proteins (18) and reduced levels of Clara cell protein (19). Also, respiratory tract infections increase bronchial responsiveness in actively training athletes (20). Thus, the combination of intense and repeated exercise with unfavorable environmental conditions is probably important for the development of asthma among top athletes. Despite epidemiological evidence regarding the increased prevalence of EIA and BHR among top athletes, frequent use of asthma drugs leads to concern about the possible improvement in performance by asthma drugs and especially by inhaled β2-agonists. Thus, already in 1993, the Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee (IOC-MC) set restrictions for the use of asthma drugs in sports. Among the β2-agonists, salbutamol and terbutaline were permitted, and only by the inhaled route. Athletes with a confirmed diagnosis of asthma were allowed to use these drugs. Later, these regulations were changed several times. Shortly before the Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games in 2002, the IOC-MC introduced new rules for the use of inhaled β2-agonists and inhaled steroids during the Games (21). Applications had to be determined beforehand and the results of laboratory tests such as exercise tests, bronchial provocation tests with metacholine, eucapnic hyper ventilation tests or documented reversibility to inhaled β2-agonists had to be submitted (21). Several allergologists and pulmonologists felt that these rules were too strict as they focused upon the specificity of the asthma diagnosis and not upon the sensitivity (22). As a result, a joint Task Force was set up by the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). This task force has worked on several articles related to asthma and sport, which were published as a European Respiratory Monograph (23). The report of the Task Force reviewed the problem of asthma among athletes as well as the pathogenetic mechanisms and provided recommendations related to the diagnosis of asthma and BHR and to asthma treatment among athletes. The Task Force report is published in two parts in Allergy. The first part, published in this issue, discusses epidemiology, pathogenetic mechanisms and the diagnosis of asthma among athletes, whereas the second part will provide recommendations related to treatment and will discuss questions regarding doping. As the regulations for the use of asthma drugs among athletes have been repeatedly changed, physicians treating asthmatic athletes and children and adolescents with asthma should keep themselves updated on the current regulations. This may be done by consulting the World Antidoping Association website (http://www.wada-ama.org/en/t1.asp; accessed 22 January 2008) or, with regard to the Olympic games, the IOC website (http://www.olympic.org/uk/utilities/reports/level2_uk.asp?HEAD2=1&HEAD1=1; accessed 22 January 2008). The work initiated by the Task Force has been continued by the Global Asthma and Allergy European Network (GA2LEN), the European network of centers of excellence in allergy. The work package within this network related to asthma, allergy and sports has decided to carry out a European study related to the prevalence and diagnosis of asthma among athletes. Several European countries will participate in this project, which is a co-operation between GA2LEN and the National Olympic Committees of the participating countries. In addition to asthma (which is not always allergic), other allergic disorders like allergic rhinitis or atopic eczema have been observed as common among elite athletes. In Australian Olympic athletes, 29% suffered from allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and 41% had positive skin tests to at least one aeroallergen (24). Allergic athletes experience symptoms of upper and lower airway disease on exposure to both outdoor and indoor aeroallergens, which may significantly decrease their physical performance (25). Furthermore, athletes with hay fever have significantly more exercise-related airway symptoms. Sensitization to alleroallergens may be particularly important during the Olympic Games, which usually take place during the peak of the pollen season. As demonstrated during the Olympic Games in Athens, pollen monitoring may help allergic athletes to achieve peak performance under prophylactic measures (http://www.aeroallergen.gr). The presence of atopic sensitization seems to be a risk factor for the development of bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma among athletes (26). From a practical point of view, these observations strongly suggest that WHO-ARIA recommendations to investigate all asthmatic subjects for rhinitis and patients with rhinitis for asthma should also be applied to elite athletes. Another phenomenon, which is not yet well explored, is the association of physical exercise with the development of allergic sensitization. Competitive swimmers had a higher incidence of allergic diseases and subclinical sensitization to common allergens (27). Moreover, chlorinated pool attendance by children was associated with an increased risk of the development of bronchial asthma but also of hay fever (28). On the other hand, the physical activity of children may be a protective factor for the development of asthma (29). The combination of these observations should prompt further studies on the relationship between various forms of physical activity and allergic sensitization. Starting with this issue, Allergy will publish a series of articles aiming to review the relationship between asthma, allergy and sport and to help solve problems related to these interactions. As already mentioned, the ERS/EAACI Task Force Report will be published in two parts, and other articles, either review articles or systematic reviews, will take on questions such as the prevalence of asthma and EIA among athletes, diagnostic procedures and questions related to the use of asthma drugs and athletic performance. This is an important series as problems related to sport will be of interest to most allergists/pulmonologists and their patients. The issue is also of significance because asthma drugs should not be considered as doping, and young people should not stop using their asthma drugs because of questions related to doping.

Background Triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) injuries are an increasingly recognized cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain and can be particularly disabling in the competitive athlete. Previous studies show that arthroscopic debridement or repair can improve symptoms, but the results of arthroscopic treatment of TFC injuries in high-level athletes have not yet been reported. Hypothesis Arthroscopic debridement or repair of wrist TFC injury will allow a high rate of return to full function in the elite athlete. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Between 2001 and 2005, 16 competitive athletes (mean age, 23.4 years) with wrist TFC injuries underwent arthroscopic surgery. Repair was performed in unstable tears, and all others underwent debridement alone. Presurgery and post-surgery mini-DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) scores were recorded for each athlete through medical record review and clinical evaluation. The mean duration of follow-up was 32.8 months (range, 24-51 months). Results The TFC was repaired in 11 (68.8%) and debrided in 5 (31.3%) patients. The tear was ulnar-sided in 12 (75%), radial-sided in 2 (12.5%), combined radial-ulnar in 1, and central-sided in 1 patient. Mean mini-DASH scores improved from 47.3 (range, 25-65.9) to 0 (all patients) (P =. 002), and the mean mini-DASH sports module improved from 79.7 (range, 68.8-100) to 1.95 (range, 0-18.8) (P =. 002). Return to play averaged 3.3 months (range, 3-7 months). Associated conditions in the 2 patients unable to return to play at 3 months were distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability with ulnar-carpal abutment (n = 1) and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendinosis (n = 1). Conclusion Arthroscopic debridement or repair of wrist TFC injury provides predictable pain relief and return to play in competitive athletes. Return to play may be delayed in athletes with concomitant ulnar-sided wrist injuries.

The present study explored Norwegian and Swedish Olympic aspirants' perceived challenges for the preparations of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (OG) and risk and protective factors for mental health. The focus for this study was the timespan between the declaration of the postponement of Tokyo 2020 and the final months before the Games. A secondary purpose was to explore experiences of both elite athletes affected by lockdown (i.e., Norwegian athletes) and elite athletes not affected by lockdown in their home country (i.e., Swedish athletes). Twelve elite athletes (Norwegian: n = 6; Swedish: n = 6; Women: n = 6; Men: n = 6) with a mean age of 28.25 (SD = 3.60) participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between April and June 2021. Seven athletes had qualified and five were still trying to qualify. Eight of the interviewed athletes had previous experiences with OG participation. Template analysis revealed two main themes: (a) challenges and risk-factors for mental health and (b) protective factors. The pandemic exposed athletes to several psychological strains like uncertainty and difficulties with planning and preparations for the OG and personal and social challenges (i.e., worry about physical health and risk of overtraining, social contacts, identity, and life issues). Protective factors included perceived benefits of increased recovery and time for quality training. The athletes used several coping strategies and self-care behaviors (e.g., focus on the controllable, playfulness, putting sports in perspective, daily routines, short-term goals, working or studying for personal development) and they tapped into various internal and external psychosocial resources perceived as protective for mental health, personal growth, resiliency, and adjustment to the pandemic. The holistic perspectives used contribute to an increased understanding of elite sport athletes' mental health needs in stressful and unforeseen situations such as a pandemic.

Comparative analysis of injury and illness prevalence in elite and amateur athletes provides the basis for the development of tailored prevention programs. The authors analyzed the differences in frequency and characteristics of injuries and illnesses which occurred in elite and amateur athletes during the 2019 Gwangju Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) and Masters World Championships. The 2019 FINA World Championships hosted 3095 athletes in the disciplines of swimming, diving, high diving, artistic swimming, water polo, and open water swimming. While the 2019 Masters World Championships hosted 4032 athletes in swimming, diving, artistic swimming, water polo, and open water swimming. All medical records were electrically recorded in every venue as well as the central medical center located at the athlete’s village. More elite athletes visited clinics than amateur athletes during the events (15.0 vs 8.6%, p<0.05) despite the ages of amateur athletes being higher than elite athletes (41.0±15.0 vs 22.4±5.6 years, p<0.01). Elite athletes complained mainly of musculoskeletal problems (69%), while amateur athletes complained of both musculoskeletal (38%) and cardiovascular (8%) problems. The most frequent injury in elite athletes was due to overuse in the shoulder joints, while that of amateur athletes was traumatic injuries involving feet and hands. The most common illness was respiratory infection in both elite and amateur athletes, while cardiovascular events occured only in amateur athletes. As the risk of injury varies in elite and amateur athletes, tailored preventive measures should be prepared. Furthermore, preventive measures of cardiovascular events should focus on amateur sports events.

Introduction Sleep is essential to musculoskeletal recovery, acquisition of new skills and emotional regulation in athletes. Insufficient sleep is detrimental to performance. Recent publications indicate that sleep duration is related to risk for injury in young athletes. We aimed at analyzing the relation between sleep opportunity and duration and the likelihood of an injury among adult elite athletes. Methods We studied 7,237 nights recorded with the Sleeprate application by 71 adult elite athletes from diverse sports, during the period September 2018-October 2019. Night recordings included perceived and measured sleep parameters. In addition, athletes reported their previous day nap duration, injuries and illness status. Out of the total number of nights, 4,205 included reported injury status with no injury and no illness for the previous night. Nightly total time in bed (TIB), TIB including reported naps (TIB24hr) and measured total sleep time (TST) were examined. Results Average TIB was significantly shorter (508±77 minutes, mean±STD) in healthy days preceding injuries than in healthy days preceding days with no injury (525±70 minutes, p&amp;lt;.001). Similar results were found when comparing the TIB24hr (injury: 517±83 minutes, no injury: 543±76 minutes, p&amp;lt;.001) and TST (injury: 443±72 minutes, no injury: 457±69 minutes, p&amp;lt;.001). Conclusion Average sleep opportunities of the elite athletes in this study were in accordance with their age and workouts load. The time athletes allow themselves as an opportunity for sleep is inversely correlated to the chances of developing an injury. These findings corroborate published research regarding sleep duration and risk of injury in athletes, yet our findings are based on real life data of elite athletes, and demonstrate the importance of sleep as part of the elite or professional athlete’s routine, suggesting that even as little as around 20 minutes of added sleep may be efficient in preventing injury. Support N/A

IntroductionAmong the 43 venues of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (OG) and 33 venues of Paralympic Games (PG) were held, the heat island effect was highly expected to cause heat-related illnesses...

Background and Objectives: The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in ACE, the gene encoding the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), has been suggested as a genetic variation that can influence exercise performance and risk of injury in elite athletes. The I allele has been associated with enhanced endurance performance and with reduced inflammation, while the D allele has been associated with improved performance in strength and power activities. However, the role of this genetic variant in the incidence of non-contact injury is underexplored. This study investigated the possible association of ACE I/D genotypes with the risk of non-contact injury in elite Moroccan athletes. Materials and Methods: Forty-three elite male athletes (19 cyclists and 24 field hockey players) from the Moroccan national team participated voluntarily. Non-contact injuries were recorded for all athletes and classified according to the IOC consensus statement by the medical staff of the teams. ACE I/D polymorphism genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genomic DNA from blood samples. Results: There were four cyclists (21.05%) and eight field hockey players (33.33%) with a non-contact injury during the season. The distribution of the ACE I/D genotypes was similar in the athletes with vs. without non-contact injury for cyclists (DD/ID/II 25.00/50.00/25.00% vs. 46.67/40.00/13.33% non-injured, respectively; X2 = 0.69, p = 0.70), field hockey players (DD/ID/II 50.00/50.00/0.00% vs. 50.00/43.75/6.25%; X2 = 0.54, p = 0.76) and for the whole group of athletes (DD/ID/II 41.67/50.00/8.33% vs. 48.39/41.94/9.68%; X2 = 0.22, p = 0.89). In the whole group of athletes, neither the dominant (DD + ID vs. II = OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.15-16.56, p = 0.89) nor the recessive (DD vs. ID + II = OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.31-4.89, p = 0.69) models showed an increased risk of non-contact injury. Conclusions: The distribution of the ACE I/D genotypes was similar in elite cycling and field hockey athletes with or without non-contact injury during the season. These results indicate that there is no significant association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and the susceptibility to non-contact injury in these athletes. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and to investigate their broader implications for advancing knowledge in sports injury prevention and optimizing athlete management strategies.

BackgroundAthletics (also known as track and field) is one of the most popular sports in the world and is the centrepiece of the Summer Olympic Games. Participation in athletics training and competition involves a risk of illness and injury.PurposeTo describe injury and illness in British Olympic track and field athletes over three full training and competition seasons.Study DesignDescriptive Epidemiology StudyMethodsA total of 111 athletes on the British national program were followed prospectively for three consecutive seasons between 2015-2018. Team medical personnel recorded all injuries and illnesses during this time, following current consensus-based methods. All data pertaining to these records were reviewed and analyzed for sports injury and illness epidemiological descriptive statistics.ResultsThe average age of the athletes was 24 years for both males and females (24 years, +/- 4). Total exposure for the three seasons was 79 205 athlete days (217 athlete years). Overuse injuries (56.4%) were more frequent than acute injuries (43.6%). The thigh was the most common injury location (0.6 per athlete year), followed by the lower leg (0.4 per athlete year) and foot (0.3 per athlete year). Muscle and tendon were the most commonly injured tissues, while strains and tears were the most common pathology type. Hamstring muscle strain was the most common diagnosis causing time loss, followed by Achilles tendinopathy and soleus muscle strain. Respiratory illness was the most common illness type (0.3 per athlete year).ConclusionHamstring strains, Achilles tendinopathy, and soleus strains are the most common injuries in athletics and have highest burden. Respiratory illness is the most common illness and has the highest burden. Knowledge of this injury and illness profile within athletics could be utilised for the development of targeted prevention measures within the sport at the elite level.Level of Evidence3

Pain is a common problem among elite athletes and is frequently associated with sport injury. Both pain and injury interfere with the performance of elite athletes. There are currently no...

Spirituality is the individual's belief in the existence, presence and involvement of transcendent divine beings in everyday life. This belief is accompanied by activities that aim to get closer to the transcendent figure (God). The aim of this research is to describe the level of daily spiritual experience in the elite able-bodied athletes and with disabilities, compare the spiritual experience level of the elite athletes of able-bodied and with disabilities, describe the socio-demography of elite athletes able-bodied and with disabilities. To support the study, we used a descriptive analysis method of 10 elite athletes consisting of five elite athletes with able-bodied athletes and five elite athletes with disabilities. The Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale was used in this study to measure daily spiritual experiences. The univariate test model was used to test the relationship between sociodemographic factors and the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale score. The results show that of the 10 respondents have a different average score of daily spiritual experiences. Five able-bodied athletes show a very high spiritual level, while two athletes with disabilities exhibit a very high spiritual level and three people with a high spiritual level. Further research is needed to conduct in-depth studies related to the Daily Spiritual Experience in athletes by combining and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data.

Objective: This study aimed to explore how competitive athletes in Canada understand, experience, and cope with sleep-related challenges in relation to their injury histories. Methods: Using a qualitative approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 31 athletes aged 19 to 34, representing both individual and team sports. All participants had experienced at least one sports injury and reported issues with sleep. The interviews were analyzed in three stages—open, axial, and selective coding—allowing us to move from detailed personal accounts to broader thematic insights. Results: The analysis identified four interrelated themes. Disrupted Sleep Patterns captured athletes’ difficulties with initiating and maintaining sleep, commonly linked to stress, physical tension, and pre-sleep screen use. Emotional Burden of Sleep Loss highlighted the psychological toll of sleep disturbances, including heightened anxiety, irritability, and feelings of shame—particularly when performance declined. Heightened Injury Susceptibility reflected athletes’ perceptions that inadequate sleep contributed to greater injury risk and prolonged recovery. Finally, Systemic Barriers and Ineffective Coping pointed to a lack of institutional sleep education, cultural stigma surrounding rest, and reliance on unhelpful self-management strategies, which often compounded the problem. Conclusion: Sleep issues in elite athletes are not just about feeling exhausted—they reach into deeper layers of well-being. Poor sleep affects not only how athletes perform, but also how they feel, recover, and even how they define themselves. Hearing these experiences directly from athletes themselves reveals an urgent need for more compassionate and informed support systems—ones that include meaningful sleep education, accessible mental health care, and a cultural shift in sports that values rest and recovery just as much as effort and endurance.

Young adults are significantly more likely to experience problematic substance use than mature adults. Identity transformation is known to be a key feature of mature adult recovery, but for the culturally distinct young adult demographic, the links between their identity and their recovery from addiction have not been well investigated. This paper presents a qualitative study on young men’s experience of recovery in Narcotics Anonymous. Processes of change and identity transformation in early recovery are under particular focus. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four young adult men and the resultant transcripts were subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis. The results section gives a detailed account of these processes; the findings are then considered in relation to extant literature. The posited suggestion is that through examining the participants’ experience of recovery we can better understand their self-change in light of their journey as young men; proper understanding of which is essential for the creation of intervention programmes that consider the developmental challenges of early adulthood today.

ObjectiveTo systematically review and synthesise the incidence and characteristics of injuries and illnesses among athletes participating in the Olympic, Youth Olympic and Paralympic Games.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science were searched up to 2 July 2024, and Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform up to 12 December 2023.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesCohort studies conducted during the Games reporting injuries and illnesses among athletes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for prevalence studies, and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework.Results27 articles were included (10 Olympic, 4 Youth Olympic and 13 Paralympic Games). 23 articles had low, 3 moderate and 1 high risk of bias. Certainty of evidence was high to moderate for Olympic, high to low for Youth Olympic and low for Paralympic Games. Injury incidences per 1000 athlete-days were 6.5 (95% CI 5.9 to 7.2) during Olympic, 10.5 (95% CI 9.4 to 11.8) during Youth Olympic and 14.3 (95% CI 9.9 to 20.7) during Paralympic Games. Illness incidences per 1000 athlete-days were 3.6 (95% CI 2.8 to 4.7), 6.9 (95% CI 6.1 to 7.8) and 9.7 (95% CI 6.5 to 14.4), respectively. Lower limb injuries were frequent during Olympic and Youth Olympic Games, upper limb injuries during Paralympic Games and respiratory illnesses across all Games cohorts.ConclusionsInjury and illness incidences were highest in Paralympic Games, followed by Youth Olympic and Olympic Games. Incidences and patterns of injury and illness were sport and context specific, which could inform future prevention strategies.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023475334.

Elite athletes’ hypohydration may affect kidney function. Hydration profile can be assessed through Calculated Osmolarity (CO) [2x sodium + glucose + blood urea nitrogen] and urine specific gravity (USG) ≥ 1.020. PURPOSE: Our study aimed to observe the USG and CO profiles from Brazilian elite athletes during fasting in Lima Pan American (2019) and Tokyo Olympic (2020) Games and to verify if USG and CO could be used as indicators of renal stress. METHODS: Capillary blood and urine samples of 89 athletes from 13 sports were collected during fasting before the first participation of each athlete in both Games. Athletes were categorized according to sports characteristics: skill, power, endurance, and mixed. Hypohydration profiles were observed using USG and CO data from urine and capillary blood. Unpaired Student T-test and Welch`s correction were performed to compare CO from euhydrated and hypohydrated groups (USG ≤ 1.015; USG ≥ 1.020, respectively). Moreover, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc was conducted to compare CO among sports. The effect size was calculated as Cohen´s d (T-test) and eta-squared (η2; ANOVA). Correlations were performed between creatinine and urea concentrations compared with CO (Pearson) and USG (Spearman). The significance statistic was established as p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Our data has shown differences for CO (p = 0.0006; d = 0.80) in euhydrated (287.3 ± 2.7; CI 95%: 286.6 - 288.0 mmol/L) and hypohydrated (289.9 ± 3.7; CI 95%: 288.6 - 291.2 mmol/L) group. No differences were observed among sports (p = 0.74; η2 = 0.01). According to renal stress biomarkers, results have suggested a weak correlation when USG and urea concentration were evaluated (r = 0.3; p = 0.0008) and no significant association was found in USG and creatinine concentration (r = 0.2; p = 0.086). Additionally, significant correlation was observed in creatinine (r = 0.2; p = 0.038) and urea (r = 0.3, p = 0.003) concentrations to CO data. CONCLUSION: Elite athletes are susceptible to decline in kidney function during Pan American and Olympic Games, independently of sports. Our data show a weak correlation between USG and CO and kidney function biomarkers. Therefore, these parameters should be carefully used to determine renal stress in elite athletes.