Анализ воздействия разряда молнии на ракетоносители космического назначения

Abstract

The impact of a direct lightning discharge on a space rocket is analyzed. Mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic impacts are considered in the entire range of possible lightning current intensities. It is noted that the lightning main characteristic that determines various physical factors of its impact on objects is the lightning discharge current intensity as a function of time. Thermal factors are caused by rapid heat release when the lightning channel comes in direct contact with the rocket external structural components. The energy released in the lightning channel is determined by the transferred charge, flash duration, and lightning current amplitude. In most cases, this energy is sufficient to ignite fuel mixtures and gases produced during refueling. It is shown that at a current of higher than 100 kA, there is a danger of melting the rocket external structural components. The mechanical impact caused by an acoustic shock wave does not pose a hazard even at a current of 200 kA. Electrodynamic impact can cause flattening of hollow metal tubes. Electrical factors are associated with the impact of lightning current and overvoltages occurring in the onboard equipment. Electromagnetic impact is always dangerous when lightning hits a rocket and requires protective measures for the onboard equipment and cable network.