ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРІОДИЗАЦІЇ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЕМІГРАЦІЇ (ОСТАННЯ ЧВЕРТЬ XIX ст. – 2023 р.)

Abstract

The article analyzes the problem of periodization and classification of Ukrainian emigration in the last quarter of the 19th century – from September to October 2023. The topicality of the topic is that, despite the presence in the domestic historical science of a significant number of works devoted to various issues of Ukrainian emigration, at this stage there is no unified approach to its periodization, which especially concerns the definition of the chronological boundaries of the fourth waves and selection of the fifth as a separate complex stage of Ukrainian emigration in the period of independence. In addition, the question remains open as to how appropriate it will be to characterize the migration movement in the conditions of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine as the beginning of the sixth wave of Ukrainian emigration. In the course of the study, on the basis of available scientific publications on the topic and the memories of the emigrants themselves, the reasons for each wave of Ukrainian emigration were analyzed and how they differed at different stages, which, accordingly, led to the beginning of a new period of mass migration. The prerequisites of Ukrainian emigration before and after the restoration of independence were also compared. The author also emphasized the diversity and ambiguity of the reasons for the migration movement after 1991. The peculiarities of each wave of Ukrainian emigration and their separate main periods were determined according to such criteria as motives, character, duration, distance, volume, level of education, organization, goals and purpose, etc. The author also focused attention on how much the vector of the migration movement changed as a result of the Russian armed aggression against Ukraine, which began in the spring of 2014. A special emphasis was placed on the impact of such a challenge as Covid-19 on Ukrainian emigration. The author also identified the perspective of further research, which consists in comparing the peculiarities of the periodization and classification of Ukrainian emigration with the peculiarities of the migration processes of another European country in the specified period.