Характеристика видимых миграций птиц в дельте Днестра в 1974 -1976 гг.

Consequences of seasonal migration : How goose relocation strategies influence infection prevalence and pathogen dispersal

The seasonal movement of animals has been linked to seasonal variation in ecological productivity, and it has been hypothesized that primary consumers synchronize migration with vegetation phenology. Within temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, herbivorous bird species often track the phenology of vegetation greenness during spring migration. Phenological synchronization with vegetation greenness by migratory birds in other dietary guilds, across the full extent of their annual distributions during both spring and autumn migration, has not been explored. Here, we document population-level associations with a remotely sensed measure of vegetation greenness for 230 North American migratory bird species in seven dietary guilds across the full annual cycle using eBird occurrence information for the combined period 2006-2018. Evidence of phenological synchronization was strongest for omnivores, herbivores, herbivore-granivores and granivores during spring and autumn migration, except for omnivores in the west during spring migration. Strong evidence of synchronization was also observed for insectivores during spring migration and carnivores during spring and autumn migration that migrated across the entire breadth of the continent. The level of evidence declined for insectivores in the west and east during spring migration, and for nectarivores in the west during spring and autumn migration. Limited evidence was also found for insectivores in the east during autumn migration, insectivores in the west and the centre of the continent during spring and autumn migration, and carnivores in the west during spring migration. Carnivores in the west during autumn migration showed the weakest evidence of synchronization. We found broad support across an array of dietary guilds for phenological coupling between vegetation greenness and seasonal bird migration within North America. Our results highlight the potential for many migratory bird species to encounter phenological mismatches as vegetation phenology responds to climate change. Our findings emphasize the need to better understand the environmental cues that regulate migratory behaviour across dietary guilds, consumer levels and migration tactics.

Macroecology features large-scale spatial patterns, and many studies in this discipline have provided important evidences to biogeography. Bird migration and its relationship with the contemporary environment and species biological traits, together with biogeographic boundaries among East Asian islands, have been of long-term interest. I calculated the avian migration ratio in the lands from 70°E to 180°E and from 90°N to 90°S. Its relationships with the contemporary environment was examined, including annual ranges of ambient temperature, primary productivity (surrogated by Enhanced Vegetation Index), precipitation, island isolation, and elevational range. In results, the avian migration ratio generally increased from the equator to the poles, with great hemispheric variations but minimal continent-island differences. Seasonality of ambient temperature, which represents energy expenditure of birds, was the environmental factor determining bird species migration. Comparatively, Seasonality of primary productivity, which represents energy intake of birds, and the other environmental factors have indirect and limited influence. Besides, the avian migration ratio was relatively low in the Southern Hemisphere. The difference between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres can be attributed to paleogeographic isolation, mild paleoclimate, and benign contemporary environment in Australia. The findings highlight our concern with the impacts of global warming on bird migration. Migration distance is also an important measure for the overall pattern of bird species migration. It is highly related to energy intake and expenditure. I examined the overall pattern of the migration distance, based on 586 bird species breeding in the lands from 70°E to 180°E and 90°N to 90°S. The migration distance was calculated as the shortest distance between midpoints of the global breeding and non-breeding ranges. Besides, I assessed the relationship between and the migration distance and energy-surrogating biological attributes, body mass and diet. In results, 40% of the bird species featured migration distance from 2,000 to 4,000 km. Taxa with higher migration distance were Charadriiformes, Motacillidae, and Hirundinidae. The relationship between the migration distance and the normalized body mass was hump-shaped. The average body length of migratory species, another distance measure, was negatively correlated with the body mass. The observed migration distance significantly differed from the model. The migration distance of carnivores was significantly higher than that of herbivores. In sum, the migration distance of birds can be estimated by the body mass. However, large difference between the estimated and the observed values suggests model modification for birds. Besides, the migration distance seems to be related to diet. This links migration behavior with different energy intake in trophic levels in the ecosystem. As most studies have related migration to energy in terms of the external environment, this study provides a novel viewpoint for the overall pattern of bird migration studies in terms of biological attributes. Biogeographic regions have attracted study interest for over 150 years, and one of the major focuses has been biogeographic boundaries between islands in East Asia. I collectively examined several hypotheses of the biogeographic boundaries based on the avifauna on major islands in East Asia, from Sakhalin to New Guinea, across the Palearctic, the Oriental, and the Australian regions. Based on the species composition of all terrestrial breeding bird species, I calculated Simpson dissimilarity index between the islands and delineated the biogeographic regions, using cluster analysis and Non-metric Multi-Dimension Scaling. In results, the biogeographic boundary between the Oriental and the Australian regions should fall between the Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku, with the remaining part followed Wallace’s Line, because the breeding avifauna on the Lesser Sunda Islands was of strong Oriental affinity. Palawan and Borneo should be classified into different biogeographic sub-regions, because the breeding avifauna on Palawan was less similar to that on Borneo. The biogeographic boundary between the Palearctic and the Oriental regions should be located along the strait between Taiwan and the Philippines. The Ryukyu Islands and Kyushu may be classified into different biogeographic sub-regions, as well as Hokkaido and Honshu. These biogeographic boundaries may be accounted for by different breeding avifauna on the islands. The difference may result from ocean barriers in consequence of sea level rise during the Pleistocene. As most studies have focused on the scale of global continents, this study examined the biogeographic boundaries between islands and provides a unique viewpoint to the delineation of biogeographic regions.

Simple SummaryMany bird species that migrate long distances are in decline partly because of environmental changes, such as climate change or land-use changes. Although much is already known on the effects of environmental change on birds that are on their spring migration or on their breeding grounds, little is known with regard to possible negative effects on birds that are on their autumn migration and visiting so-called stopover sites on their way to their wintering grounds. These stopover sites are vital for birds to refuel, and a potential deteriorating quality of the stopover sites may lead to individuals dying during migration. We investigated the impacts of local environmental conditions on the migration strategy and body condition of the Pied Flycatcher at an autumn migration stopover site using long-term ringing data and local environmental conditions. We found that although birds arrived and departed the stopover site around the same time over the years, the body condition of the individuals caught decreased, and the length of their stay at the stopover site increased. This suggests that conditions at the stopover site during the autumn migration period have deteriorated over time which may lead to the death of more birds during autumn migration.Many long-distance migratory bird species are in decline, of which environmental changes, such as climate change and land-use changes, are thought to be important drivers. The effects of environmental change on the migration of these birds have often been studied during spring migration. Fewer studies have explored the impacts of environmental change on autumn migration, especially at stopover sites. However, stopover sites are important, as the quality of these sites is expected to change over time. We investigated impacts of local environmental conditions on the migration strategy and body condition of the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) at an autumn migration stopover site using long-term ringing data (1996–2018) and local environmental conditions. We found that although the arrival and departure dates of birds at the stopover site remained unchanged, the body condition (fat score) of the individuals caught decreased, and the stopover duration increased. This suggests that conditions at the stopover site during the autumn migration period have deteriorated over time. This study emphasizes the importance of suitable stopover sites for migratory birds and stresses that changes in environmental conditions during the autumn migration period may be contributing to the current decline in long-distance migratory passerines.

BackgroundWest Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), both belonging to the genus Flavivirus, are emerging in Italy as important human and animal pathogens. Migratory birds are involved in the spread of Flaviviruses over long distances, particularly from Africa to Europe. Once introduced, these viruses can be further be dispersed by short-distance migratory and resident bird species. Thus far, there is still a considerable knowledge gap on the role played by different bird species in the ecology and transmission mechanisms of these viruses. The Region of Trentino-Alto Adige (north-eastern Italy) is located on the migratory route of many of the short- and long-distance migratory birds that cross the Alps, connecting northern Europe and western Asia with southern Europe and Africa. Until now, only a silent circulation of WNV and USUV within the territory of the Province of Trento has been confirmed by serological screening, whilst no cases of infected humans or animals have so far been reported. However, continuous spillover events of both viruses have been reported in neighbouring Regions. The aim of this study was to monitor the circulation of WNV and USUV in Trentino-Alto Adige, in order to detect if active virus shedding occurs in migratory birds captured during their seasonal movements and to evaluate the role that different bird species could play in the spreading of these viruses.MethodsWe carried out a biomolecular survey on oral and cloacal swabs collected from migratory birds during seasonal migrations. Birds belonging to 18 transaharian and 21 intrapaleartic species were examined during spring (n = 176) and autumn (n = 146), and were tested using a generic nested-PCR.ResultsAll samples tested negative for Flaviviruses. The possible causes of unapparent shedding, along with ecological and epidemiological implications are discussed.ConclusionsThe lack of detection of active virus shedding in these bird species does not exclude the circulation of these viruses within the Trentino-Alto Adige region, as reported in previous studies. The possible ecological implications are discussed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VISIBLE AUTUMN MIGRATIONS OF WATERFOWL IN NATIONAL PARK «PRYPIAT-STOKHID» IN 2012-2017

A number of terrestrial bird species that breed in North America cross the Atlantic Ocean during autumn migration when travelling to their non-breeding grounds in the Caribbean or South America. When conducting oceanic crossings, migratory birds tend to associate with mild or supportive winds, whose speed and direction may change under global warming. The implications of these changes for transoceanic migratory bird populations have not been addressed. We used occurrence information from eBird (1950-2015) to estimate the geographical location of population centres at a daily temporal resolution across the annual cycle for 10 transatlantic migratory bird species. We used this information to estimate the location and timing of autumn migration within the transatlantic flyway. We estimated how prevailing winds are projected to change within the transatlantic flyway during this time using daily wind speed anomalies (1996-2005 and 2091-2100) from 29 Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models implemented under CMIP5. Autumn transatlantic migrants have the potential to encounter strong westerly crosswinds early in their transatlantic journey at intermediate and especially high migration altitudes, strong headwinds at low and intermediate migration altitudes within the Caribbean that increase in strength as the season progresses, and weak tailwinds at intermediate and high migration altitudes east of the Caribbean. The CMIP5 simulations suggest that, during this century, the likelihood of autumn transatlantic migrants encountering strong westerly crosswinds will diminish. As global warming progresses, the need for species to compensate or drift under the influence of strong westerly crosswinds during the initial phase of their autumn transatlantic journey may be diminished. Existing strategies that promote headwind avoidance and tailwind assistance will likely remain valid. Thus, climate change may reduce time and energy requirements and the chance of mortality or vagrancy during a specific but likely critical portion of these species' autumn migration journey.

Migratory birds are an increasing focus of interest when it comes to infection dynamics and the spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV). However, we lack detailed understanding migratory birds' contribution to local AIV prevalence levels and their downstream socio-economic costs and threats.To explain the potential differential roles of migratory and resident birds in local AIV infection dynamics, we used a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model. We investigated five (mutually non- exclusive) mechanisms potentially driving observed prevalence patterns: 1) a pronounced birth pulse (e.g. the synchronised annual influx of immunologically naïve individuals), 2) short-term immunity, 3) increase of susceptible migrants, 4) differential susceptibility to infection (i.e. transmission rate) for migrants and residents, and 5) replacement of migrants during peak migration.SIR models describing all possible combinations of the five mechanisms were fitted to individual AIV infection data from a detailed longitudinal surveillance study in the partially migratory mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos). During autumn and winter, the local resident mallard community also held migratory mallards that exhibited distinct AIV infection dynamics.Replacement of migratory birds during peak migration in autumn was found to be the most important mechanism driving the variation in local AIV infection patterns. This suggests that a constant influx of migratory birds, likely immunological naïve to locally circulating AIV strains, is required to predict the observed temporal prevalence patterns and the distinct differences in prevalence between residents and migrants.Synthesis and applications. Our analysis reveals a key mechanism that could explain the amplifying role of migratory birds in local avian influenza virus infection dynamics; the constant flow and replacement of migratory birds during peak migration. Aside from monitoring efforts, in order to achieve adequate disease management and control in wildlife - with knock-on effects for livestock and humans, - we conclude that it is crucial, in future surveillance studies, to record host demographical parameters such as population density, timing of birth and turnover of migrants.

Hathnikund is a place in Yamunanagar District in Haryana where Yamuna Rivers forms a sort of Lake over raised plinth after descending into plains from Himalayas nearby Ponta Sahib town near Haryana-Himachal Border. At the same time, Tajewala Barrage is one more pool like scenic place where waters of Western Yamuna Canal are collected by Govt. of Haryana for subsequent multipurpose. In the present studies, wetland bird’s diversity of Hathnikund has been recorded, analyzed and interpreted. The studies were conducted for a period of three years (September 2005-March 2008) during winter season only. The present studies revealed that in all 47 species of wetland birds belonging to 9 orders and 13 families were observed during September 2005-March 2011. Out of these 47 species of wetland birds, 26 species were Winter Migratory, 13 Resident and 9 species were Local Migratory. In so far as Abundance Status is concerned, 26 species of birds were Common, Nine species were UnCommon, Seven Species of birds were Very Common and five species were Rare. Truely winter migratory birds observed belong to Orders, Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes and Chardriiformes. Prominent migratory birds include, amongst others, Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus, Brahminy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea, Gadwall Anas strepera, Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Northern Pintail Anas acuta, Northern Shoveller Anas clypeata, Red-crested Pochard Rhodonessa rufina, Common Pochard Aythya ferina, Tufted Pochard Aythya fuligula which come to Hathini Kund during winter from far off places like Russia, Siberia, South and East Asia, China and Caspian region. It is recommended that Hathnikund be further promoted as Winter Halting Place for migratory birds by adding islands within the Water Sheet, the construction of wide margins on the peripheral zones and a rich canopy of endemic trees by implanted in plenty. It is further recommended that Eco-tourism facilities be generated at Hathnikund, linking biodiversity with society’s economic upliftment, employment and awareness. It is also recommended that Fish angling sport can be an added attraction to Bird Watching. In correlation with mystery-wrapped natural ambiences of Hathnikund, it can be sold to tourists of foreign origin thus generating exchange earning facility. As of today, no body known about Hathnikund except amateur bird watchers who turn out to be tourists too, if appropriate lodging boarding facilities are available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v5i1.5953 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.5(1) 2011 39-43

Seasonal bird (Aves) migration between breeding and wintering areas, often located on different continents, can facilitate the spreading of tick species (Acari: Ixodida) and of tick-borne pathogens. The aim of the study was to analyse the occurrence of ticks dispersed by birds migrating along the Polish Baltic coast during spring and autumn migration. Field research was conducted at the bird ringing station in Wicie, located on the middle of the Polish Baltic coast, in 2011 and 2012 during spring and autumn migration. A total of 2657 birds from 45 species was examined. The most common species inspected were European robin (Erithacus rubecula) (63.3%), song thrush (Turdus philomelos) (5.13%), and goldcrest (Regulus regulus) (4.5%). Overall, 3129 ticks belonging to six species were collected: Ixodes ricinus (1650 larvae, 1390 nymphs and 1 male), Ixodes frontalis (20 larvae, 20 nymphs), Ixodes arboricola (35 larvae), Dermacentor reticulatus (1 larva), and Haemaphysalis punctata (1 nymph). Ten larvae and one nymph could only be identified to the genus level Ixodes. Ticks were located on various parts of the head: on the corner of the beak (75.0%), near the eyes (14.6%), on the chin (4.4%), near the ears (4.4%), on the neck (1.1%), and in the beak (0.5%). The overall tick prevalence was 40.5%. The highest prevalence was for bird species feeding on the ground, covering a medium distance to wintering grounds and migrating at night. Statistically significant differences between the number of ticks and the sex of the host species were detected in blackbirds: males carried more parasites than females, both, during spring and autumn migration. The fact that I. ricinus and other ticks parasitize birds migrating through Poland extends the possibility of the spread of tick-borne diseases.

Phenological changes in key seasonally expressed life-history traits occurring across periods of climatic and environmental change can cause temporal mismatches between interacting species, and thereby impact population and community dynamics. However, studies quantifying long-term phenological changes have commonly only measured variation occurring in spring, measured as the first or mean dates on which focal traits or events were observed. Few studies have considered seasonally paired events spanning spring and autumn or tested the key assumption that single convenient metrics accurately capture entire event distributions. We used 60years (1955-2014) of daily bird migration census data from Fair Isle, Scotland, to comprehensively quantify the degree to which the full distributions of spring and autumn migration timing of 13 species of long-distance migratory bird changed across a period of substantial climatic and environmental change. In most species, mean spring and autumn migration dates changed little. However, the early migration phase (≤10th percentile date) commonly got earlier, while the late migration phase (≥90th percentile date) commonly got later. Consequently, species' total migration durations typically lengthened across years. Spring and autumn migration phenologies were not consistently correlated within or between years within species and hence were not tightly coupled. Furthermore, different metrics quantifying different aspects of migration phenology within seasons were not strongly cross-correlated, meaning that no single metric adequately described the full pattern of phenological change. These analyses therefore reveal complex patterns of simultaneous advancement, temporal stability and delay in spring and autumn migration phenologies, altering species' life-history structures. Additionally, they demonstrate that this complexity is only revealed if multiple metrics encompassing entire seasonal event distributions, rather than single metrics, are used to quantify phenological change. Existing evidence of long-term phenological changes detected using only one or two metrics should consequently be interpreted cautiously because divergent changes occurring simultaneously could potentially have remained undetected.

We investigated the patterns of nocturnal bird migration in autumn 1998 at a coastal site on the Falsterbo peninsula in south‐western Sweden, by means of a passive infrared device. In total 17 411 flight paths, including track direction and altitude, of migrating birds were recorded for 68 nights from August to October. Mean migratory traffic rate per night varied between 6 and 6618 birds km−1 h−1, with an average of 1319 birds km−1 h−1. Migration at Falsterbo showed a similar seasonal pattern to that reported for central Europe, with pronounced peaks of migration and intermittent periods with relatively low migratory intensities. Weather factors explained two thirds of the variance in the intensity of bird migration. During nights with intense migration, associated with weak winds, the mean track direction was close to that in central western Europe (225°). Birds usually maintained a constant heading independent of wind directions and, in consequence, were drifted by the wind. The mean orientation clearly differed from that of the nearest coastline, suggesting that the birds did not use the topography below to compensate for wind drift.

The main objectives of this research were to study species diversity, activity characteristics of birds for habitat utilization and status of birds, analyze the abundance and the similarity of birds for making birding seasonal calendar ecotourism activity in the research areas. The data was carried out by field survey of bird species diversity along three boat touring routes; Route no. 1 (Tha Kha floating market - homestay), Route no.2 (Tha Kha floating market - Thai traditional sugar making kiln), and Route no.3 (Thai traditional sugar making kiln - resort). One survey was made each month from August 2017 - July 2018. The data were analyzed to find out the abundance of birds and the similarity of birds, study habitat utilization and status of birds for making birding seasonal calendar ecotourism activity in the research areas. The finding of this research found that there were 15 orders, 37 families and 73 bird species. The maximum number of 34 bird species in order Passeriformes was found. The highest number of bird species in route no.3 was 63 species. There were 56 bird species in route no.2 and 50 bird species in route no. 1. In route no.1, species diversity index was 3.25. In route no.2, species diversity index was 3.24. In route no.3, species diversity index was 3.33. According to habitat Utilization of birds in 3 routes, mostly activities of birds were foraging, the maximum number of 35 bird species in insectivorous birds and nesting in route no.1: Red - wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus in April. In route no.2: White-breasted Waterhen Red Amaurornis phoenicurus in September. In route no.3: Pied Fantail Rhipidura javanica in April. According to bird status, there were 51 resident birds, 13 resident and migratory birds and 9 migratory birds. According to bird abundance, 20 bird species were in level 5 of bird abundant, 9 bird species in level 4 common, 17 bird species in level 3 moderately common, 12 bird species in level 2 uncommon and 15 bird species in level 1 rare. According to bird similarity index, the similarity index between route no.2 and route no.3 was 0.824. Ecotourism activities were to watching migratory birds from August - May, watching firefly from May - October, watching local people lifestyle touring along boat touring routes by using Thai paddle-boats available all year round. The community also organized eco-touring activity by using Thai paddle-boats. The community and paddle boat group managed conservation habitats of birds along boat touring routes by water cleaning, planting fruit trees and flowers, making organic fruit orchards and riverine forests preservation along the canal which are foraging area for many birds. So local people should give their hand to maintain bird database for being learning center and ecotourist activities along boat touring routes because the birds are as indicators of natural balance of local ecosystem.

This study aims to determine the species richness of bird species on the island of Serangan, Bali in February and March 2016. Observations were made of 20 time, which is held in the morning (06.00-09.00 am) and afternoon (15.00-18.00 pm). Observations were made on five types of habitat that are beaches, mangroves, lagoons, forest plantations and settlements. The study was conducted by recording ten species methods. Identification of species of birds refers to the morphological characters of the and also by voice. The resultsshowed 55 species of birds are found in five types of habitat which is included in 30 families, 25 types of which are species of shore birds and 30 species are terrestrial birds. In the lagoon habitat found 46 species, on mangrove found 28 species, forest plants are found 22 species, Beach habitat are found 20 species and settlements are found 14 species of birds. Similarity index of bird species in each habitat were: the beachmangrove 63%, beach-lagoon 61%, coast-forest plants 48%, beach-residential 47%, mangrove-lagoon 68%, mangrove-forest plants 52%, mangrove-residential 48%, the lagoon-forest plants 47%, the lagoon-residential 40%, plantations-residential 56%. Of the 55 species of birds were found, 15 species are protected birds and 12 species are migratory birds.

Long-term monitoring of the dates of arrival, breeding, and autumn migration in 25 passerine bird species on the Kurshskaya (Courland) Spit, the Baltic Sea, has shown that spring migration and nesting in most species wintering in Europe or Africa have shifted to earlier dates in the past two decades, whereas the dates of autumn migration in most species studied have not changed significantly. In 16 bird species, a significant negative correlation of the timing of arrival and breeding with the average spring air temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO) in February and March was revealed. In years with early and warm springs, birds arrived at the spit and nested considerably earlier than in years with cold springs. The dates of autumn migration in most species studied largely depended on the timing of nesting but not on weather conditions in autumn. The data obtained indicate that the main factor responsible for long-term changes in the timing of arrival, nesting, and autumn migrations of passerine birds in the Baltic Region is climate fluctuations that led to considerable changes in thermal conditions in the Northern Hemisphere in the 20th century. The hypothesis is proposed that recent climate warming has caused changes in the timing of not only the arrival of birds in Europe but also of their spring migrations from Africa. Further changes in the dates of passerine bird arrival and breeding in the Palearctic in subsequent years will largely depend on the dynamics of winter and spring air temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas the timing of autumn migrations will be determined mainly by the dates of their arrival and nesting.