Итальянские инсургенты и армия А. В. Суворова в 1799 г. (по российским источникам)

Introduction. Schedules of classes and exams are crucial components in the training process organization. Their quality directly affects the successful mastering of learning materials and ensures physical and psychological health of the educational process participants. The influence of educational systems features on the problem setting and solving methods under timetabling is considered. The emphasis is upon the timetabling problems in the higher education systems. Materials and Methods. The analytical study results of a number of the Russian and foreign sources on methods and algorithms of the classes and exams timetabling automation are described. These techniques and algorithms are compared from the standpoint of modern system-analysis methods. Schedule is considered as part of the educational process support system, and, in its turn, has features of the system combining such objects as students, teachers, disciplines, and classrooms. The application of the system analysis methods allows allocating essential features of the implemented systems of timetabling, classifying and evaluating them. Research Results. It is found that the tasking of classes scheduling and exams timetabling are practically equivalent and include the timetable quality criterion, soft and hard constraints. Russian sources contain detailed studies of various tasks of the classes timetabling. At the same time, no papers devoted to developing methods and algorithms for the examination schedules are found among these sources. However, foreign sources are largely devoted to the examination schedules. Graph theory methods, heuristic and hybrid optimization algorithms, linear integer programming techniques, system analysis methods, and other modern techniques of discrete mathematics are applied to solve the problems in hand. Discussion and conclusions. In general, in one and the same institution, the dimension, as well as the solution to the examination scheduling problem is less complicated than the classes scheduling. In connection with the expansion of the individualization of the learning process in the Russian educational system, the improvement of the research methods and algorithms relevance for constructing exams schedule is expected.

Russian legislation establishes a special procedure for taxation of foreign organizations that do not operate in the territory of the Russian Federation, but receive income from Russian sources. When paying income to foreign organizations, Russian organizations may be obligated to pay both an income tax and VAT. The regulation of a taxation procedure applied to foreign organizations paying taxes from Russian sources is complex and covers the norms contained both in national legislation and in international agreements devoted to avoidance of double taxation. Despite the fact that a considerable number of works written by scholars and practitioners are devoted to certain aspects of taxation of foreign organizations, at present insufficient attention is paid to the nature and place of norms establishing the taxation regime for foreign organizations not operating in the Russian Federation. At the same time, a misunderstanding regarding the nature and place of the norms under consideration in the system of Tax Law of the Russian Federation can lead to incorrect law enforcement in the field of taxation of foreign organizations’ income that they receive from Russian sources. The author has analyzed the applicable legislation and viewpoints of scientists on this issue, and on their basis he has made a conclusion about the composition and place of the abovementioned norms in the system of Tax Law of the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the research: This research builds upon the author’s previous work focused on exploring the reflection of Mongolian imperial ideology in sources from various countries that were influenced to varying degrees by the Mongolian expansion during the 13th and 14th centuries. The objective is to search for and systematically categorize the manifestations of Mongol ”world-organizing” ideas within Russian sources. Research materials: The primary sources for this study were the oldest Russian chronicles, including the Laurentian, First Novgorod, and Hypatian chroniclew, along with several others. Valuable information was also extracted from collections of yarlyqs (edicts) from Mongol khans to Russian metropolitans, hagiographic literature, and religious records. Comparative materials from Eastern and European sources were utilized to elucidate the identified elements of Mongolian ideology. The works of both Russian and foreign historians, specializing in Russian and Mongolian history, were extensively referenced. The results of the research and scientific novelty: This research reaffirms conclusions made by other experts regarding the limited interest among Russian scribes in the material and spiritual culture of the Mongols. Ideological aspects of Mongolian power are scarcely documented in Russian sources, although in some instances, they can be reasonably reconstructed. The foundations of Mongolian ”universalism,” such as the concept of Eternal Heaven, the deification of Genghis Khan, and the Great Yasa attributed to him, have left traces in chronicles and other historical sources. Russian sources also provide supplementary information highlighting Mongolian “imperialism,” including the Mongol Empire’s system of titles, interactions between the Ulus of Jochi and Karakorum, and the steppe rituals that princes were compelled to perform within the Horde. Overall, Russian materials do not support the notion that the Mongols aimed to conquer ”the whole world.”

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCurrently various scientific and popular sources provide a wide spectrum of ethnopharmacological information on many plants, yet the sources of that information, as well as the information itself, are often not clear, potentially resulting in the erroneous use of plants among lay people or even in official medicine. Our field studies in seven countries on the Eastern edge of Europe have revealed an unusual increase in the medicinal use of Epilobium angustifolium L., especially in Estonia, where the majority of uses were specifically related to “men's problems”.The aim of the current work isto understand the recent and sudden increase in the interest in the use of E. angustifolium in Estonia; to evaluate the extent of documented traditional use of E. angustifolium among sources of knowledge considered traditional; to track different sources describing (or attributed as describing) the benefits of E. angustifolium; and to detect direct and indirect influences of the written sources on the currently documented local uses of E. angustifolium on the Eastern edge of Europe.Materials and methodsIn this study we used a variety of methods: semi-structured interviews with 599 people in 7 countries, historical data analysis and historical ethnopharmacological source analysis. We researched historical and archival sources, and academic and popular literature published on the medicinal use of E. angustifolium in the regions of our field sites as well as internationally, paying close attention to the literature that might have directly or indirectly contributed to the popularity of E. angustifolium at different times in history.ResultsOur results show that the sudden and recent popularity in the medical use of E. angustifolium in Estonia has been caused by local popular authors with academic medical backgrounds, relying simultaneously on “western” and Russian sources. While Russian sources have propagated (partially unpublished) results from the 1930s, “western” sources are scientific insights derived from the popularization of other Epilobium species by Austrian herbalist Maria Treben. The information Treben disseminated could have been originated from a previous peak in popularity of E. angustifolium in USA in the second half of the 19th century, caused in turn by misinterpretation of ancient herbals. The traditional uses of E. angustifolium were related to wounds and skin diseases, fever, pain (headache, sore throat, childbirth), and abdominal-related problems (constipation, stomach ache) and intestinal bleeding. Few more uses were based on the similarity principle. The main theme, however, is the fragmentation of use and its lack of consistency apart from wounds and skin diseases.ConclusionsHistorical ethnobotanical investigations could help to avoid creating repeating waves of popularity of plants that have already been tried for certain diseases and later abandoned as not fully effective. There is, of course, a chance that E. angustifolium could also finally be proven to be clinically safe and cost-effective for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, but this has not yet happened despite recent intensive research. Documented traditional use would suggest investigating the dermatological, intestinal anti-hemorrhagic and pain inhibiting properties of this plant, if any.

Hagiographical literature has long been acknowledged by historians of medieval West as an important source for understanding past. (1) Yet its potential--and this is especially true in case of medieval Russian sources--remains little explored by historians of Eurasia. (2) Russian sources, with their largely parochial outlook and infrequent references to outside world, cannot compete with eloquence of contemporary Persian chroniclers or with meticulousness of Chinese imperial scribes. (3) In this respect, Tale of Venerable Peter, Prince from Horde (Povest' o Blazhennom Petre, tsareviche ordynskom)--a 15th-century vita that describes conversion of a Mongol prince to Christianity, his move to Russian principality of Rostov, and building of a church there--constitutes an exceptional source. The ritual that consecrated land and church betrays, in my opinion, existence of a Mongol layer buried within medieval Russian hagiographical text. It thereby offers a unique glimpse not only of Mongol religious practices but also of process of conversion and converging religious beliefs. At core of tale lies a legal dispute over fishing rights in Lake Nero between ruling (Riurikid) family of Rostov and descendants of a Mongol whom we know only by his Christian name, Peter. (4) According to text, Peter was a Mongol prince (porody khanska) who happened to witness miraculous healing of his relative by Kirill, bishop of Rostov (d. 1262), while latter was visiting Golden Horde. Impressed by power of Christian prayer, Peter began to question Mongol worship of the sun, moon, stars, and fire and followed Kirill to Rostov. (5) There, after seeing church adorned with gold and pearls and hearing liturgy, young Mongol decided to convert to Christianity. Kirill, afraid to provoke anger of Horde, cautiously waited; and only after Berke Khan's death (1267), which was later followed by civil war within Golden Horde, did he finally agree to baptize his protege. Some time passed; and one day, while hunting, Mongol prince fell asleep and had a vision of apostles Peter and Paul ordering him to build a church on this spot. He petitioned prince (kniaz') of Rostov to sell him plot of land where vision had occurred. The Russian prince, at first suspicious of Peter's intentions (mostly due to latter's Mongol background), eventually agreed and later even befriended young Mongol and granted him many lands from his patrimony (votchina). The two princes eventually became sworn brothers; and Peter, after permanently settling in Rostov and marrying a girl from Rostov's Tatar (i.e., Mongol) quarter, lived a long and happy life. (6) He also founded a monastery, adjacent to church he had built years earlier, to which he retired after death of his wife. The Tale then continues to describe a legal dispute between grandchildren of two princes about ownership of lake next to Peter's monastery. The Russian side claimed that although their grandfather had sold land to his sworn brother, lake had not been mentioned in agreement. Therefore, lake belonged to them. Peter's grandchildren appealed directly to Horde, evoking their Chinggisid ancestry and their relationship to Horde's ruler, whom they addressed as uncle. The khan sent an ambassador to investigate matter, and it was settled in favor of Peter's family. The same issue arose in next generation, however, and entire process was repeated, with Peter's descendants gaining upper hand once again. The text ends with Ignat, Peter's great-grandson, who saved city of Rostov from destruction at hands of a Mongol raiding expedition. Coming out before Mongol troops and again invoking his Mongol blood, Ignat explained that since his great-grandfather had bought land from prince of Rostov, it now belonged to his descendants and therefore to Horde. …

M. G. Levin: Ethnic origins of the peoples of northeastern Asia. Edited by Henry N, Michael. (Arctic Institute of North America. Anthropology of the North: Translations from Russian Sources, No. 3.) XII, 355 pp., 8 plates. [Toronto]: University of Toronto Press for the Arctic Institute of North America, [1963]. $3.50. (Distributed in G.B. by Oxford University Press. 28s.) - Volume 28 Issue 2

This article deals with an extended episode in the career of Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zuzenko (1884–1938), a sailor, journalist and revolutionary who lived in Australia from 1911 to 1919, when he was deported for leading the Brisbane Red Flag Riots. Specifically, it examines his clandestine return to Australia, in 1922, as an agent of the Communist International, with orders to consolidate the divided Communist Party of Australia. Russian sources – principally Zuzenko’s reports to the Comintern’s Executive Committee – are compared with British and Australian archive material, including the transcripts of his interrogation in London by Guy Liddell and H.M. Miller of Special Branch.

The problem of Old Russian sources’ using in historical dramas by A. N. Ostrovsky has been raised many times in literary studies. However, the works devoted to the study of the changes made in the second version of the play “Kozma Zakharyich Minin, Sukhoruk” did not include an analysis of differences in the approach to ancient Russian materials. The article provides the comparative analysis of playwright versions in terms of the use of facts, images, stylistic means dating back to the Russian medieval monuments. The analysis of the texts led to the conclusions that about the reducing the number of historical facts and of direct arrangments of Old Russian texts, therefore, the sequence and the details of the narration decreased in the second version. The monologues of the characters reflecting the religious views of the Middle Ages were removed, so the ideological and psychological motivation of character’s actions became weaker. The love line, nonexistent in the sources, became consistent and complete. The role of some fictional characters associated with the Old Russian tradition has changed. As a result, in the second version the personal destinies of historical and fictional characters came to the fore instead of the epoch-making events of the 17th century. Rearranging of the accents changed the genre of the play: from a “dramatic chronicle” it turned into a historical drama.

The aim of the paper is to overview the leading information processing domain in Russia and Eastern Europe, namely All Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI ) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Russian science structure is different from that in the Western Europe and the US. The main aim of VINITI is to collect, process and disseminate scientific information on various fields of science and technology, published in 70 countries in 40 languages, selected from books, journals, conference proceedings, and patents. A special attention is given to the journal selection and depositing manuscripts (a kind of grey literature), an important source for Russian research. VINITI has created the largest database containing about 30 million records dating back to 1980. About 80,000-100,000 new records are added monthly. VINITI publishes the Journal (JA) on 19 fields of science, including medicine, containing about a million publications annually. Two thirds of these records are foreign and 36.7% – Russian sources.

Introduction. The history of the modern oikonym Odesa dates back to the end of the 18th century. At that time, the coast of the Black Sea from the Southern Bug to the Dnieper became part of the Russian Empire after another Russo-Turkish war of 1787–1791. However, the history of this settlement is much older. One of its sources is the numerous variant names of this city recorded in various texts. A special study of these onyms makes it possible to find out important linguistic and historical information that is closely related to the corresponding ethnic picture in the specified region before 1794. The aim of the study. The author carried out a structural-semantic and etymological analysis of the creative stems of the historical variants of the modern oikonym Odesa: Kachubeyiv, Kachybeyiv, Kochubiyiv, Hojabey, Adzhibey, Yeni Dunya, Hajibey, Odesa. The connection of the specified names with the corresponding stages of the ethnic history of the studied region is traced. Object of study is historical variants of the modern oikonym Odesa: Kachubeyiv (Kaczubyeiow), Kachybeyiv (Caczibieow, Caczyebeyow), Kochubiyiv (Kochubiev), Hocabey (Hocabey, Hojabey), Adzhibey, Yeni Dunya (Yeni Dünya), Hajibey, Odessa. Research methods. A descriptive method was used to analyze the specified historical variants of the oikonym Odesa (their word-forming structure was described); the comparative-historical method, employing which the creative foundations of the specified names are characterized in a diachronic aspect; reception of etymological analysis (the etymons of the corresponding oikonym variants are determined). Research results. The author established that the earliest settlement on the site of modern Odessa was called Istrion ‹ *Istrian ‹ *Istrians (‹ gr. ’Истрιαноι) – ‘people from the shores of Istria or from Istria’. Later names of Odesa are documented in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times and are associated with the Tatar-Turkish era in the Northern Black Sea region: Kachubeyiv / Kachybeyiv, Hajibey / Ajibey and Yeni Dunya. The name Kachubeyiv / Kachybeyiv is based on the name of the Tatar military leader Kachubey (Kochubey) / Kachybey (Kochybey), decorated with the possessive suffix -iv (‹ ев) under the influence of the corresponding East Slavic oikonyms. The change of the earlier oikonymous variants of Kachybey (Kochybey, Kodżybej) to Hajibey (in Russian sources – Hajibey) took place under the influence of two-basic anthroponyms common in Turkic nouns with the first component Haji- (Russian phonetic variant of Haji-) ‹ arab. Hādži ‘pilgrim’. The name Yeni Dunya (Yeni Dünya) is associated with the fortress that the Turks built on the site of a previous fortification. Translated from Turkish Yeni Dünya – New World. The modern name Odesa arose from the fashion for ancient Greek names in the Northern Black Sea during the reign of Catherine II, as a result of which the city was transferred to the ancient name Оδησσος. The last name is obviously related to the similar name of the former Greek colony Odyssos (Ordessos) near the Tyligul estuary. Conclusions. On the basis of the historical-linguistic analysis of the variant names Kachubey (Kaczubyeiow), Kachybey (Caczibieow, Caczyebeyow), Kochubiyiv (Kochubiev), Hocabey (Hocabey, Hojabey), Adzhibey, Yeni Dunya (Yeni Dünya), Hajibey, Odesa, the history of this ancient settlement is traced, reflected in the corresponding oikonyms.

H. N. Michael (ed.): Studies in Siberian ethnogenesis. (Arctic Institute of North America. Anthropology of the North: Translations from Russian Sources, No. 2.) vii, 313 pp. [Toronto]: University of Toronto Press for the Arctic Institute of North America, [1962]. $3.50. (Distributed in G.B. by Oxford University Press. 28s.) - Volume 27 Issue 2

This essay analyzes a few prominent Western assessments, both official and private, of the effect of sanctions on the Russian economy and war effort during the first 18 months after February 2022. It seeks to understand the main goals of sanctions, alongside the facts and causal inferences behind the consensus view that sanctions were highly effective. Such understanding may then help to clarify the relationship between claims made by economist-observers outside Russia and those emerging from Russian sources – notably economists associated with the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) – which drew sharply different inferences from the same facts. We conclude that when applied to a large, resource-rich, technically proficient economy, after a period of shock and adjustments, sanctions are isomorphic to a strict policy of trade protection, industrial policy and capital controls. These are policies that the Russian government could not plausibly have implemented, even in 2022, on its own initiative. Sanctions were, in this sense, a gift to the Russian state and war effort.

The conversion of cashless money into banknotes is described as a type of economic crime. It is proven that such acts should not be qualified as illegal entrepreneurship or illegal banking. The authors examine the elements of these economic crimes. They suggest changing the title of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. They also analyze formal elements of the crime under Art. 172 of the CC of the RF and prove that it has a special category of offender. It is argued that there are no grounds to view the conversion of cashless money into cash as a mock transaction because it is a mistake to think that the transaction does not lead to any legal consequences. The authors show that there is a number of legal facts arising after the conversion of cashless money into banknotes which constitute an actual fictitious deal, although it is not named in legislation. The research is based on the analysis of mainly Russian sources — research publications in legal and economic journals. Besides, the authors have critically assessed the positions of Western legal scholars and economists published in such journals as Journal of Financial Crime, Journal of Economic Surveys, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Journal of Business Ethics, Theory and Decision, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. As for the empirical part, they have studied the Decrees of the Plenary Sessions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in 2004 and 2015. Based on the scientific analysis of the constituent elements of the crime of evading taxes, duties, insurance premiums by an organization, the authors argue that the conversion of cashless money into banknotes is carried out by the leaders of commercial organizations with the goal of this criminal evasion. The crime is committed by a group of persons having conspired, as a rule, on a large scale, and is initiated by the head of a commercial company.

The article reconstructs Old Russian Christian ideas about the ability of the dead to influence (stop, or, on the contrary, provoke) large-scale natural phenomena and the world of the living in particular. The author describes the social environment in which such ideas were formed, which influenced all the original literature of the 12th–13th centuries. In the paradigm of that time, the mechanisms of miraculous influence on the world were subject not so much to the living / dead dichotomy as to ideas about the closeness of man to God. A deceased righteous man, regardless of official canonization, kept his significance after death and was able to influence the world with his prayers. At the same time, the influence of the unholy dead on the world of the living always appears in the Old Russian sources as a criticism of the unbelievers, who consider the activity of the dead to be the deception of demons. The tendency to explain the non-anthropomorphic phenomena by the activity of the dead also depended on the understanding of the capacities of good and evil. Medieval preachers struggled with the idea that demons could affect crop yields, as it was incompatible with the Christian worldview. In Old Russian sources, demons often caused harm associated with physical effects on a particular person (diseases, ulcers, wounds, etc.). The chronicle of 1092 about the attack of demons on Polotsk should be considered as a development of these trends, and this attack is associated by modern researchers with a natural disaster (epidemic).

The Peoples of Siberia edited by M. G. Levin and L. P. Potapov. Chicago: University Press, 1964. 984 pp., 315 line and half-tone illustrations and 3 maps in text, folding map in end cover. $20. - Studies in Siberian Shamanism edited by H. N. Michael. Arctic Institute of North America, Anthropology of the North: Translations from Russian sources, No. 4. Toronto: University Press, 1963. 229 pp., 49 half-tone and line illustrations in text. $3.25. - Volume 39 Issue 155