Процессуальные модели выгорания: ретроспективный и систематический обзор (часть 1)

Abstract

The article presents more than 40 models of the burnout process, many of which are empirically confirmed. A retrospective analysis of burnout concepts allowed us to identify five types of models: 1) metaphorical, using metaphors of burning, falling, discharge to popularize the topic of burnout; 2) phenomenological, empirical in nature and devoted to the description of burnout phenomenology on the basis of clinical, organizational or role experience; 3) derived from the three-component burnout model of C. Maslach, while the main of component is the emotional exhaustion; 4) stress-oriented, conceptualizing burnout on the basis of stress theory; 5) polar “engagement - burnout”, based on their opposition as positive and negative poles of some functional continuum. Burnout is understood as a process developing in time with a certain sequence of phases, or as a final stage of the process of disillusionment, loss of energy resources, etc. The discrete aspect of the burnout process is characterized by the prevalence of three-and five-phase models. New conceptual and research approaches are focused on the mechanisms of crossover, social induction or emotional contagion to burnout in other employees or partners. In general, there is no unified process model of burnout with a normative sequence and duration of phases, a specific list of triggers, catalysts and related effects.