ОПІКА І ВИХОВАННЯ БЕЗПРИТУЛЬНИХ ДІТЕЙ У ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКІЙ ПЕДАГОГІЧНІЙ ДУМЦІ

Abstract

The article provides the definition of «child care», «compulsory care of juvenile delinquents», «religious education». It overviews the evolution of institutional care in the XIX – XX centuries (homes for orphans and the homeless, foster homes, medical and educational centers, child and youth mental health hospitals).It is ascertained that there were not any significant discrepancies between guardianship of minors and compulsory care of juvenile delinquents. Establishment of orphanages was aimed at providing help for children who found themselves in difficult life circumstances, strengthening their faith and moral principles. From the outset compulsory care of juvenile delinquents was marked by gender differentiation with more attention paid to girls. Establishment of homes for the homeless was considered a step forward in institutional care; however, «being homeless» was not associated with one's economic or social condition.The XX century was marked by evolutionary changes in forms and contents of institutional care. New care forms came into existence, however, the old classic ones were still widely applied. Instead of large fostering institutions smaller social homes were set up. Much investment was put into training teachers, although orphanage staff frequently lacked teaching expertise. The concept of neglect became a form of social stigma.The article dwells on the institutional care in Austria and Germany in the 1970-ies, where regular protests against violence eventually resulted into a breakthrough in social assistance policy. Innsbruck Institute of Pedagogy has been engaged by the government to promote student research of foster homes within the project «Institutional care».The article focuses on differentiation and professionalization of social work, the so called «homeless pedagogy». It also provides a brief overview of general historiography of institutional care.