Поможет ли государственно-частное партнерство выйти из стагнационной ловушки?

The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned by the fact that the innovative development of Kazakhstan, which is based on the introduction of technological advance, the use of computer and resource-saving technologies, industrial and innovative achievements, is currently of great importance for the country's economy. Without the growth of innovative potential in the country, it is impossible to ensure the competitiveness of the economy. In this connection, further reform of the innovation development management system both of public and private sectors is necessary, and the current means of increasing their effective functioning is the development of partnerships between the state and business, which will allow to attract additional resources to the public sector of the economy, primarily investment. In such a system of relations, the resources and potentials of the state and business are combined, which helps to increase the efficiency of the use of available resources, the distribution of risks between the public and private sectors and their minimisation. The purpose of the study: The purpose of the paper is to prepare recommendations for the development of public-private partnerships in the conditions of innovative development of Kazakhstan. Leading approach to the study of the subject matter. The leading methods of researching the issues of the paper include the analysis of theoretical sources, analysis of statistics, and comparison. The analysis of statistical indicators plays a crucial role in the study, since data on the innovation level, on the development of public-private partnerships can be directly obtained from statistical databases. The results of the study. The paper discusses the concept of public-private partnerships, methods, mechanisms, stages of development of public-private partnerships in Kazakhstan, analyses the innovative development of Kazakhstan, the development of public-private partnerships, identifies issues of public-private partnerships and develops solutions to them. Prospects for further research. For the development of projects that are carried out on an innovative basis, cooperation between the state and business is necessary. Certain risks and consequences are inherent in innovative projects; therefore, such projects require private partners who agree to public-private partnerships even under unstable political, economic and social conditions, and also have corresponding production and innovative potential. Given the improvement of the regulatory framework at the national level and in the regions, increasing the attractiveness of such cooperation, and providing comprehensive support for such projects, a partnership between the state and business in the innovation sector will develop. The materials of the paper are of practical value for the development of public-private partnership in the conditions of innovative development of Kazakhstan.

Public-private partnership is a governments’ progressive political decision to involve the private sector in the development of public infrastructure by the provision of services such as design, financing, construction, operation, reconstruction, maintenance, etc. The article is devoted to determining the foundations of public-private partnership organization and its impact on improving transport infrastructure. The basic principles of public-private partnership development in the article were researched, taking the historical features of its and modern implementation goals. The study examines the main features of public-private partnership development and its positive and negative aspects. The tasks of the public and private sectors in this cooperation are outlined. The experience of advanced countries of the world (Australia, Canada) in using public-private partnership for the development of public infrastructure was researched. The features of the implementation of Australian and Canadian transport infrastructure projects using the public-private partnership were analyzed, resulting in a list of 20 (10 Australian and 10 Canadian) advanced transport projects, reflecting their key aspects and benefits from implementation. By the results of the study were offered suggestions for optimizing the further development of public-private partnership. These suggestions are especially relevant for countries where public-private partnerships are at an early stage of development. The recommendations have also been offered for the development of national public-private partnership, with the purpose of post-war restoration of the national transport sector, taking into account the specifics of its infrastructure application in developed countries.

Majority of social and economic problems of Ukraine’s agrarian sphere can not be solved without formation of partner relationships and constructive dialogue between the state and private business. The formation of partner relationship models opens up new possibilities and provides certain advantages for participators’ agreement. The aim of the research is to analyze the current state of implementation of public-private partnership projects and determine the main ways for PPP development in Ukraine. In the article reveals the historical aspect of public-private partnership (PPP) development between the state and private participator in different countries of the world. The current state of development, the features of the constructive interaction between state bodies and business in solving of long-term socially important tasks of social and economic development are analyzed. The expediency of developing partnership between state and business is grounded. The main factors of negative influence on the effectiveness of PPP projects implementation in agrarian sphere are identifed . The main models of private business participation in the accomplishment of investment projects in agro-industrial production are considered and their main features are determined. It is proven that implementation of PPP projects promotes the effective management of state and municipal property objects and the creation of conditions for use of new technologies and innovation, etc. The high efciency of PPP mechanism as a form of interaction between state and business has been proven by the experience of many countries around the world. Thus, public-private partnership needs to be developed in our country to solve signifcant social and economic problems through combining the resources of public and private sectors. To do this, it is necessary to overcome a number of legislative, political, economic and institutional barriers that hinder the PPP development. The study generalizes the world practice of using of the PPP mechanism in agriculture and determines the main priority directions of PPP project implementation in agro-industrial production and rural areas of Ukraine. These include: construction, maintenance and management of wholesale markets of agricultural production; development of infrastructure of agrarian market; development of production infrastructure, agricultural waste processing; irrigation systems construction, operation and management; construction, exploitation and management of social infrastructure objects in rural areas. The study reveals that PPP in Ukraine develops very slowly, the level of PPP project accomplishment is low, the number of implemented projects is minimal and its effectiveness is low because of legal and economic obstacles for doing business. The problem is not so much the low number number of concluded agreement between the state and the private partner, but rather the effectiveness and efciency of their implementation. Key words: public-private partnership, agrarian sector, PPP projects, forms of PPP, state, private partner, innovation development, agreement.

As domestic and foreign practice shows, that public-private partnership (PPP) is a mutually beneficial cooperation between government and business, which contributes to the development of the economy, social sphere, entrepreneurship, and solving problems in a particular territory. The active development of PPP in the Russian Federation began in 2015 and today it can be argued that PPP is developing as a social institution, its regulatory and legal framework has been formed, which is being supplemented and improved, there are organizational mechanisms and a management system in this area, PPP projects are being actively implemented, an increasing number of participants at the federal, regional and municipal levels. However, the level of development of PPP in the regions varies from high to low. The work is devoted to the study of the features of the development of public-private partnership in the Transbaikal Region. The object of research is public-private partnership as a social institution. The subject of the study is the factors of development and problems of PPP in the Transbaikal Region. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the development of PPP in the Transbaikal Region, to develop recommendations for eliminating problem areas. The research objectives are the following: to reveal the concept, essence and advantages of public-private partnership; determine the level of development of PPP in the Transbaikal Region in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation and the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District; to give an analysis of the regulatory and organizational basis of PPP at the regional level; identify the problems of PPP in the Transbaikal Region; to give recommendations on improving the PPP sphere in the region. The theoretical basis of the study is related to the theories of public administration and state regulation of the economy. The author has used the methodology of a systematic approach, the principle of theory and practice unity, the principle of objectivity, as well as general scientific research methods: analysis and synthesis, logical method, comparison; sociological methods: expert survey. The paper presents an analysis of approaches to the definition of PPP in the scientific literature and legislative practice, gives a comparative description of PPP, its advantages and opportunities for the state and the private partner. The dynamics of the PPP development in the Transbaikal Region in the period from 2014 to 2020 is determined. This dynamics is determined by a number of factors and conditions that develop at the national and regional levels, such as economic and political factors, financial and legal conditions, technological progress and socio-cultural factors. The level of PPP development in the Transbaikal Region is not high, but there is a trend towards positive dynamics: the number of PPP projects is increasing; the legislative framework and organizational and financial conditions for the PPP development are being improved. The limiting factors are the low investment attractiveness of the region, the unbalanced system of planning and management of the PPP sphere, the insufficient number of highly qualified personnel in this area, the lack of a unified information platform and a specialized regional center for the PPP development. The driving factors for the development of the PPP sphere can be considered various benefits and preferences for investors in the Far Eastern Federal District, which the Transbaikal Region entered in 2018, the activity of the authorities and their competence. The paper presents recommendations for improving the PPP system, taking into account the best practices of other regions of the Russian Federation

The development of a country's economy relies heavily on the efficiency and competitiveness of its ports, especially those that are open to sea trade. Improving port system performance is essential for reducing transport costs and enhancing the overall competitiveness of the economy. In this context, Assessment of the financial viability of public-private partnership projects in the development of container terminals in the Port of Colombo is crucial for future container terminal development. This evaluation will examine various financial factors such as a profitability assessment and Investment assessment to evaluate the financial viability of privatization projects in the Sri Lankan Port Sector. Additionally, the evaluation will consider the main paradigms and stakeholders involved in port investment decisions, as well as the critical success factors for implementing public-private partnerships in the port context (Panayides,P et al., 2015) The problem of this study is evaluating financial viability of two private container terminal operating at Port of Colombo and how those terminals financially efficiently running. Evaluating the financial viability of publicprivate partnerships in the development of container terminals in the Port of Colombo is crucial for future container terminal development to enhance the efficiency, competitiveness, and overall economic growth of the country. Based on these findings, this evaluation aims to provide valuable policy implications for port authorities and operators in achieving and maintaining their competitive advantage. The completion of this sentence could be “By thoroughly evaluating the financial viability of public-private partnerships in container terminal development at the Port of Colombo, policymakers and stakeholders can make informed decisions to ensure maximum efficiency and competitiveness of the port, ultimately promoting economic growth”. (Kim et al., 2019) Furthermore, Private investors can make the right decision on whether their investment is feasible or not for future expansion Projects. If their investment is not feasible for the future, they can make clear decisions or they can make strategic decisions to overcome problems and direct the right Parth to recover the project they invested. To evaluate the financial viability of those Projects, in this case, used profitability analysis and Investment Assessment. Though the Profitability analysis assesses terminals Profit or gain they make in relation to its expenses. The Investment Assessment evaluate the process of those Project's income, Risk and resale value. It is important to anyone who is considering an investment for future investment.

Проаналізовано еволюцію польського законодавства з питань публічно-приватного партнерства (підготовки закону про публічно-приватне партнерство 2005 р., дискусій щодо внесення змін до закону та процесу розробки з врахуванням пропозицій експертів та громадськості й прийняття нового закону 2008 р.). Виявлено переваги та недоліки нового закону й напрями зусиль органів влади та громадськості зі стимулювання публічно-приватного партнерства. Наголошено на зростанні уваги уряду до інституційного забезпечення публічно-приватного партнерства. Відзначено позитивний вплив публічно-приватного партнерства на формування сучасного публічного управління.

The partnership of the state and business is one of the powerful tools for solving socially significant tasks of a region. The annual rankings of regions as regards the level of public-private partnership development do not take sufficient account of the initial economic and investment conditions for the development of regions. Moreover, it hampers assessing the effectiveness of the regional authorities in the sphere of public-private partnership. Therefore, the identification of economic preconditions stimulating or, on the contrary, restraining the development of public-private partnership in the subjects of the Russian Federation is relevant. The article describes the main trends in the development of public-private partnership in the Vologda region. The study is based on the rating assessments of the level of public-private partnership development in the regions of the Russian Federation, as well as on the socio-economic ranking of regions and the rating of their investment potential and risk. To achieve the goal of the study, the methods of dynamic analysis, modelling, and structural analysis as well as statistical methods are used in the article. The research has shown a strong correlation dependence of the development of public-private partnership in the region on its economic and investment situation. The Vologda region ranked 29th place in the public-private partnership development rating in 2016. I substantiate that the region should occupy 44th place in this rating taking into account economic and investment conditions, and under the optimistic scenario, it could take the 9th place. It indicates the reserves for the development of the public-private partnership in the region. The author’s coefficient of the application of economic and investment conditions for the development of public-private partnership in the Vologda region is 1.52, which indirectly confirms the effectiveness of government decisions in the sphere of public-private partnership. Further research in the field of the formation of conceptual bases for the public-private partnership development taking into account the industrial features of the Vologda region will contribute to the development of public-private partnership in the Vologda region.

Introduction. In the context of high global competition, cooperation between the state and business has become one of the most important factors influencing the development of national tourism destinations, competitiveness of tourism industry and product. Furthermore, public-private partnership (PPP) to attract private investment in the implementation of industrial projects determines the performance and efficiency of the interaction. Currently in Russia the macroeconomic, geopolitical factors and the positive experience of PPP development in certain sectors created certain preconditions to attract private sector resources in the economy domestic tourism. Aims. The aim of the research is to explore the interaction between the state and business, and to identify the promising spheres of development of public-private partnership in the field of domestic and inbound tourism at the regional level.Methods used are as follows: the system approach, and statistical analysis methods. Results. Possible and expected outcomes of the interaction between public and private sectors in tourism industry, entertainment and hospitality for the state, tourism destinations and business people and tourists are defined. The main directions of partnership between the state and business, ensuring the development of domestic and inbound tourism in Russia are set. The problems limiting the development of PPP in the tourism sector and the factors impeding the development of special economic zones of tourism-recreational type are identified.The experience of Samara region in the PPP helped to identify a number of objective prerequisites to develop an effective public-private collaboration and partnership that will attract private investment in the economy of tourism. The promising areas for the development of PPP in the sphere of tourism of the Samara region, such as joint projects of ecological and environmental content, are identified.Conclusion. The development of public-private partnership in the tourism sector is limited to budget constraints on the implementation of the planned projects; mostly budget financing of ongoing projects; significant reputational losses for the state and loss of capital for business in case of refuse to support a project; lack of an organizational and economic mechanism for involving citizens in projects, the RF government’s focus on big business in large-scale projects while small business sector prevails in the tourism industry.Further development of PPP and MPP in tourism is possible on the basis of: − improvement of the legislation which consolidates the relevant normative-legal acts and is reflected in new sectoral policy documents through the prerequisites, mechanisms and principles of functioning and forms of PPP in the tourism sector;− formation of the project offices of Federal Agency for tourism and regional industry departments, which will significantly increase the number of implemented investment projects in tourism, including the ones based on PPP mechanisms, will enhance coordination of the partnership’s participant cooperation and will allow to monitor the projects;− improvement of development institutions’ performance through the development of an industry developer and operator registry at the Federal and regional levels;− support of small and medium enterprises, with the improved access to government procurement of private investors-individuals;− development of training and advanced training of specialists in the organization of PPP projects in tourism.The directions of PPP development can be used by executive authorities to enhance the effectiveness of public participation in the development of domestic and inbound tourism in Russia

Włączenie partnerów prywatnych do realizacji zadań publicznych przyczynia się przede wszystkim do zwiększenia efektywności gospodarowania w sektorze publicznym oraz przyspieszenia rozwoju jednostek terytorialnych. Partnerstwo publiczno-prywatne (PPP) jest narzędziem wspomagającym rozwój infrastrukturalny, przy jednoczesnym ograniczaniu wielkości wydatków publicznych. Od początku 2009 r., w którym zawarto pierwsze umowy w formule PPP, głównymi inicjatorami projektów pozostają jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Celem artykułu jest ocena wykorzystania partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego w Polsce w latach 2009–2019. W artykule zwrócono również uwagę na bariery, które ograniczają rynek PPP w Polsce. Inicjatorem PPP w Polsce są przede wszystkim samorządy szczebla lokalnego, które realizowały najwięcej projektów w dziedzinie infrastruktury transportowej. Najbardziej aktywne były podmioty publiczne położone w regionach najlepiej rozwiniętych gospodarczo. Bariery, które ograniczają rynek PPP, występują najczęściej w obszarze: instytucjonalnym, finansowym, prawnym, postawy oraz wiedzy i umiejętności. W przezwyciężaniu barier niezbędne jest zwiększanie wiedzy w zakresie projektów PPP w celu upowszechnienia współpracy publiczno-prywatnej jako nowoczesnego sposobu realizacji zadań publicznych.

Problem setting. The article considers the current state and problems of transport infrastructure development in the world. The expediency of solving these problems through the implementation of public-private partnership projects is substantiated. The most important areas of application of public-private partnership in Ukraine are highlighted. The foreign experience of attracting private investors to the improvement and development of transport infrastructure and the implementation of such experience for Ukraine are analyzed.Recent research and publications analysis. The topic of organization, formation and development of public-private partnership as a systemic phenomenon by domestic and foreign researchers is given considerable attention by such scientists as V. Varnavsky, V. Goshovska, L. Hrytsenko, Y. Gusev, V. Kuybida, S. Linder, O. Nikiforuk, S. Ovcharenko, T. Pakhomova, N. Pirozhenko, V. Postnikov, O. Pukhkal, V. Skuratovsky, P. Sytnyk, N. Saprykina, L. Chmyryova, I. Chukaeva, P. Shylepnytsky and others, study public-private partnership in political, economic, legal aspects. The issue of using public-private partnership as an object of research of transport infrastructure is investigated by a scientist - N. Bodnar.The paper objective. To study of foreign experience of involving private partners in solving problems and improving the conditions of transport infrastructure, application of the best recommendations and projects in the field of transport infrastructure of Ukraine using the best practices in today's conditions.The paper main body. Foreign countries have vast experience in the application of public-private partnership mechanisms and a clear understanding that the private and public sectors have unique opportunities that give them an advantage in providing services to the population. In Ukraine, no successful attraction of private investment on the basis of public-private partnership in the implementation of strategically important social and humanitarian projects, and most of the implementation of such projects are unsystematic and isolated, so the study of modern experience of developed countries and its adaptation to modern realities.World experience has confirmed that without effective legislative regulation in the field of public-private partnership and the creation of a single state body to regulate public-private partnership in Ukraine cannot be implemented in full regulation and transparency of partnerships and as well as trust and desire to attract foreign investors to Ukraine. Ukraine should pay attention to the world experience in the implementation and development of public-private partnership of which to implement this model of development in the field of transport infrastructure of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research. Public-private partnership is an effective and promising tool for economic and social development for any country at the regional and local levels where the state has an ability to control and relieve the burden on the state budget, and during this cooperation better technical and economic indicators are achieved and used more efficiently. The study of world experience in the implementation of public-private partnership projects is useful for the development and justification of the Ukrainian state strategy for the use of public-private partnership.

The experience of the institutional support of public-private partnership in the Republic of Poland has been analyzed. It is noted that Poland was one of the first among the post-communist countries to implement a mechanism of public-private partnership. The peculiarities of the practice of realization of public-private partnership in Poland during the 1990s and its legal support were determined. The possibility of its development on the basis of general norms of civil, economic, administrative and other branches of law is emphasized. The process of development and adoption of separate laws on public-private partnership and their specific features are described. The essence of discussions about the need for creation of a special authorized body for regulation of public-private partnership, which was caused by the problems that arose from public and private partners during the conclusion and implementation of the relevant agreements, was disclosed. The modern components of organizational support for supporting the development of public-private partnership in Poland, their role and their inherent functions are revealed: the Department for Public-Private Partnerships of the Ministry of Investment and Development, similar departments in public administration bodies of different levels, the Public-Private Partnership Platform, Polish Entrepreneurship Development Agency, Institute of Public Private Partnership, private law firms, scientific and educational institutions. The necessity to improve the institutional support of public-private partnership, which is realized by the government of Poland as well, is stated. The content and significance of the latest program documents in this area that are intended to improve the process of administration the development of public-private partnership — the concept «The vision of sustainable development for Polish business 2050» and «Government policy in the field of development of public-private partnership» are characterized. The importance of using the experience of the Republic of Poland in the practice of public administration of the Ukrainian system of public-private partnership is emphasized.

Social entrepreneurship today has become an integral part of the economy, serving as a tool for improving the social climate and addressing ecological issues. Practical experience has shown that the need for more consensus, mutual understanding, and trust among authorities, the entrepreneurial community, and the population is one of the key obstacles to the development of social entrepreneurship. It is an inherent part of the development of all sectors of society's socio-economic life. It is necessary to assess the impact of factors on the development of public-private partnerships to determine the strategic directions for developing social enterprises. Factor ranking is a procedure for ordering objects by assigning them ranks. After conducting expert surveys, the results are processed, based on which a final decision is made. To summarize the analysis of external and internal factors that hinder the development of public-private partnerships in social entrepreneurship, we will conduct an expert evaluation, which will allow us to identify the most influential and significant ones among those considered. The lower the weight indicator, the more critical the impact. According to experts, the given factor inhibits the development of public-private partnerships in social entrepreneurship. The conducted research allowed the systematization and classification of factors that hinder the growth of public-private partnerships in social entrepreneurship from the influence of the external and internal environment. The essential element is the need for more management experience, professional competencies in implementing social projects, and underdeveloped management practices in public-private partnerships. This is primarily associated with the need for more popularity of social entrepreneurship in the country for a certain period. Furthermore, the country's limited prevalence of social entrepreneurship is linked to the need for more understanding of conducting such business due to the absence of regulatory documents. Keywords: social entrepreneurship, public-private partnership, impact factor, professional competencies, factor ranking.

The relevance of the article is determined by: the constant changes and challenges in the field of professional education and the development of public-private partnerships; the necessity for people to adapt to new technological and economic realities, which requires finding new ways of cooperation between public institutions and the private sector in education; the need for domestic professional education to create effective methodological recommendations for the development of public-private partnerships to improve the quality of professional education, enhance the competitiveness of graduates of professional (vocational-technical) education institutions in the labor market, and innovative development of the Ukrainian economy. Purpose: to conduct a theoretical analysis of public-private partnership in the field of professional (vocational-technical) education and determine the modern models of its operation. Methods: theoretical analysis of the source base – to study the normative documents and laws that regulate public-private partnership in the field of professional (vocational-technical) education and determine its various models; comparative analysis – to identify the common and distinctive characteristics of the identified models of public-private partnership, revealing the peculiarities of their operation; expert evaluation – to obtain recommendations regarding the prospects for the development of public-private partnership in the field of professional education in Ukraine. Results: an analysis of legislative and regulatory documents on the development of public-private partnerships has been carried out; contemporary models of public-private partnership have been identified and analyzed; their features and advantages have been revealed and characterized, which can be used to improve public-private partnership in the field of professional education in Ukraine; the existence of a link between the effectiveness of the partnership and the quality of future professionals' training has been noted; significant opportunities and prospects for this form of collaboration have been outlined. Conclusions. The modern models of public-private partnership in the field of professional (vocational-technical) education include: the partnership model at the legislative level (main attention is paid to the regulation of relations between public and private education entities through the adoption of relevant laws and regulations); the project collaboration model (focus is on the implementation of specific educational projects and programs in conjunction with private companies and organizations); the joint financing and resource provision model (partners jointly finance educational programs and provide access to necessary resources); the partnership model in the form of entrepreneurial activity (includes cooperation with private enterprises and the creation of joint educational enterprises). There is a growing interest from both public and private entities in participating in partnerships in the field of professional education, which can be favorable for the further development of this sector. The positive aspects of public-private partnership include improving the quality of education, expanding financing opportunities and access to resources, and creating practical opportunities for educational attainment. Challenges that exist in the development of the partnership include: the need for legislative regulation, ensuring transparency and effectiveness of cooperation, and resolving issues of intellectual property.

Relevance. Public-private partnership in the field of vocational education is a crucial tool for modernizing the system of training future professionals, particularly in the context of globalization and rapid technological change. It enables the attraction of investments, the improvement of the material and technical resources of vocational education institutions, the implementation of innovative technologies, and the adaptation of the content and forms of the educational process to meet the demands of the modern labor market. In the context of vocational education reform in Ukraine, public-private partnership fosters the integration of the private sector into the professional training of qualified specialists and supports sustainable development of the state, national economy, and society. Purpose: Based on research results, the article aims to identify and substantiate the key components, content, and structure of the development roadmap for public-private partnership in the field of vocational education. Methods: The study involves analyzing scientific sources, legislative and regulatory documents, and empirical data on the development of public-private partnerships in vocational education to determine the state of the issue. Theoretical analysis and synthesis, as well as generalization of viewpoints on the researched problem, were used to identify and justify the main components, content, and structure of the development roadmap for public-private partnership in vocational education, followed by summarizing the conclusions. Results: The key components of the development roadmap for public-private partnership in vocational education have been substantiated, which include the stages of cooperation between public and private entities, such as the legal regulation of the involvement of public and private partners in the professional training of future qualified specialists; the formation of institutional mechanisms for interaction between partnership participants; the creation of a flexible system for evaluating and monitoring the quality of vocational education; the stimulation of investments in improving the material and technical resources of vocational education institutions; and institutional mechanisms for supporting the implementation of strategies for teacher preparation and professional development. The content of the roadmap for developing public-private partnerships in vocational education is presented with the following structure: introduction; legal framework for regulating public-private partnerships; implementation and monitoring of pilot projects for public-private partnerships; scaling up successful pilot projects for public-private partnerships and integrating their results at the national level; mechanisms for improving public-private partnership projects and adapting them to changing conditions; conclusions and recommendations; appendices. Conclusions: A well-structured roadmap for developing public-private partnerships in vocational education, which takes into account all partnership components, enables effective collaboration between the state and business. This leads to improved quality of vocational education, its adaptation to labor market needs, increased transparency of management, and the efficient regulation of contractual relations and private investments. For the development of public-private partnerships in vocational education based on the roadmap, the following recommendations are proposed: improving legislative and regulatory conditions for public-private partnership development; ensuring transparency and adapting legislation to new challenges and protecting the rights of all partnership participants; actively involving private companies in educational projects by creating additional financial and tax incentives, as well as expanding opportunities for collaboration between businesses and vocational education institutions; scaling successful public-private partnership projects to the national level, taking into account the economic specificities of different regions; ensuring support and monitoring of public-private partnership projects to adapt them to local conditions and needs; creating infrastructure and a digital educational environment for online learning and the development of digital competence among partnership participants; developing financial mechanisms to support students, facilitating wider access to quality vocational education for all citizens; conducting systematic labor market monitoring and analysis to timely respond to changes in employer needs, regularly adjusting educational programs to meet current demands and trends; investing in the preparation and professional development of vocational education teachers, ensuring their access to modern knowledge and innovative teaching methodologies.

PurposeAs an innovation model for infrastructure and public service delivery, public–private partnership (PPP) has been widely adopted around the world. The knowledge spillover effect and policy diffusion mechanism have played an important role in promoting the development of PPP in the context of globalization. A comparative evaluation of the policy and management of PPP in different countries will help to understand the development of PPP, provide decision-making reference for PPP policy embedded with specific national conditions of each country, and also contribute to the global PPP knowledge body.Design/methodology/approachBased on the principle of comparability and representativeness, this study selected three countries, namely, China, India, and the United Kingdom for comparative analysis. This study first introduced the policy process and key institutions of PPP in three countries. Secondly, a comparative analysis of the development characteristics and application of PPP was conducted based on the official database of three countries. Finally, the differences, influencing factors and development trends of international PPP development were analyzed based on the comparative research results, and suggestions for PPP policy and management were put forward.FindingsThe research results indicate the development fluctuation and unbalanced spatial distribution of PPPs are a common phenomenon in the three countries. The UK has a significant impact on the policy and development of PPP in other countries. However, under the combined influence of factors such as economic, urbanization, political regime and social culture, there are significant differences in the PPP institution, application, and project characteristics in various countries. Due to international exchanges and knowledge spillovers, as well as the promotion of intermediaries, the development of PPP worldwide tends to converge.Practical implicationsThrough conducting an international comparison of PPPs based on project data, this study provides a detailed and visualized overview of PPPs and a better understanding of PPP policy and management in different countries. The findings will be of interest to PPP investors, officers, practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and analysts. It enriches the portrait of global PPP market research, helps governments to improve the design of PPP institutions and policies, and provides references for decision-making of international investors when stepping into a new market.Originality/valueThis study is the first attempt to systematically compare and analyze the global PPP difference and development trend based on PPP project databases of different countries. Different from previous PPP comparative research based on perception data, the project data-based comparative analysis in this study is helpful to understand the characteristics, interrelations, and trends of global PPP development and enrich the existing PPP knowledge body. This study also proposes that it is possible to establish a global PPP knowledge community in the context of globalization and global production network.