Вплив забур’яненості посівів соняшнику на водний режим ґрунту

Abstract

Goal. To determine the influence of different systems of basic soil cultivation and protection of sunflower crops from weeds on the reserves of available moisture in the soil and the crop yield. Methods. Field, statistical (statistical processing of research results), comparative-calculation. The experiments were carried out according to standard techniques in agriculture. Results. They found that the stocks of available moisture depend on the technology of the tillage and the presence of weeds in crops. That gives grounds to assert that the main cultivation of the soil is one of the most effective measures for the accumulation of moisture and the destruction of weeds. In the period of sowing of sunflower, the highest reserves of available moisture in 0–10 cm and 0–100 cm soil layers were at the use of shallow tillage. At such a technique, the optimal structure of the cultivated layer is formed. Chopped crop residues of winter wheat create a mulching layer on the soil surface and protect it from excessive evaporation. The plowing process includes crumbling, loosening, turning, and rotation of the soil layer. Such processes contribute to increased evaporation of available moisture from the soil, especially in the spring fasting period. Conclusions. Proper treatment of crops significantly reduced the negative impact of weeds on growth, development and productivity of cultivated plants. In conditions of right Bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, the most economically feasible and environmentally safe is the cultivation of sunflower at shallow tillage (chisel tillage on the depth of 25–27cm). Such treatment should include pre- and after-sprouting tooth harrow in the phase of «white string» of weed. The herbicide Fusilad Forte should be entered in the phase of 2–4 leaves for annual plants and at height of 10–15 cm for perennial grass weeds in the dose of 0.5 l/ha by ribbon up to 15 cm.