Проблеми стресів у рослин і способи їх розв’язання

Abstract

The purpose. To generalize information on various developments of stresses at plants during their vegetation, to open the role of different forms of stresses and methods of avoiding negative influence on formation of yield of crops. Methods. Field: morpho-physiologic for probes of biometrical parameters of plants; laboratory — for biochemical probes, anatomy-morphological, comparative-morphological; statistical — comparative-calculation, dispersing. Results. It is determined that plants easily overcome small stresses (aistresses). Such stresses promote best acclimatization of plants to conditions of environmental changes. Significant stresses (distresses) oppress biological activity of plants, reduce level of their productivity and can result in their failure. For avoidance of stresses of plants it is expedient to optimize conditions of their vegetation. Parameters of temperature, level of humidification of soil, its aeration, regimes of mineral nutrition, illumination should not exceed optimum ranges. In field conditions of vegetation to attain such results it is almost impossible, however it is quite real to essentially soften extreme aberrations of ecological factors. Except for stresses, capable to induce environmental factors, sowings of crops often have anthropogenic stresses caused by human activity. They can have the diversified nature: imbalance of mineral nutrition, excessive thickness of sowings, overestimated norms of expenditure of herbicides, after-effect of specimens, etc. Induced distresses can essentially (up to 25–35% and more) reduce the level of biological efficiency of cultivated plants. Conclusions. Stresses of different nature in sowings of crops require positive, ecologically safe and consecutive solution by agrarian science. On such scientific basis formation of biologically highly productive and stable agrarian production, tolerant to natural biological systems, will have perspective.