Локализация и снижение последствий аварий при дефлаграции и взрыве

Abstract

Ранее нами был рассмотрен вопрос о целесообразности более четкой дифференциации процессов горения горючих газо-, паро- и пылевоздушных смесей по показателям горения и критериям, характеризующим последствия аварий, сопровождающихся пожарами и взрывами, также было введено понятие «повышенная дефлаграция» («хлопк»). Такой подход может способствовать устранению коллизий в вопросах определения последствий аварий на объектах защиты, а также исключению различных толкований применимости как для промышленных объектов, так и для жилых зданий мероприятий по обеспечению их пожаровзрывобезопасности. В настоящей работе поставлена обратная задача: исследование закономерностей локализации роста давления при взрыве до критически приемлемых значений, представление средств и способов достижения минимизации последствий аварий и взрывов в зданиях и помещениях. In previously published work there was considered the question of reasonability of differentiation of the combustion processes of combustible mixtures according to combustion parameters and criteria characterizing the accident consequences of involving fires and explosions. The concept of enhanced deflagration (clap) was introduced. Such approach can help to eliminate conflicts in determining the accident consequences at objects of protection, as well as to exclude different interpretations of the applicability of fire and explosion safety measures for both industrial facilities and residential buildings. The task of this paper is to study the regularities of localization of pressure growth during an explosion to critically acceptable values, as well as to present the means and methods for achieving minimization of the accident consequences and explosions in buildings and premises. The flame spreads unevenly with acceleration or deceleration depending on the composition of the fuel mixture, gas dynamic conditions of combustion propagation and other factors. The combustion process intensification in closed volumes is caused by turbulization of the flame due to the influence of gas-dynamic disturbances of various nature on the flame front and is characterized by the coefficient of intensification or turbulization. Safety structures designed to prevent the propagation of explosive wave in a room are the following: glazing; easy-to-throw lightweight wall panels; lightweight coatings. The glazing is the most widely used as easy-to-throw structures both in housing and in industrial premises. The most practical and quite effective is the use of safety structures in the form of glazed window openings with design characteristics that reduce the excess pressure of the shock wave. These measures are not sufficient for industrial facilities. Such measures should include the following: space-planning and design solutions aimed at limiting the spread of fires and the consequences of explosions (for example, limiting the possibility of fire spread (explosion) to neighboring rooms and stairwells by installing vestibule locks); using equipment that prevents the spread of flames and combustion products along production lines; application of systems for combustion and explosion localization in equipment using high-speed devices, fire-prevention and check valves, fire barriers, means of supplying inert gases to it and to product pipelines, phlegmatizing additives or other technical means that prevent the formation of fire-explosive mixtures and their explosion in the presence of an initiation source; protection of equipment and industrial premises from destruction in explosion using explosion dischargers and easy-to-throw structures; use of equipment designed for explosion pressure.