Проблема происхождения моральных норм: социально-вычислительный и процессуальный подходы

Abstract

The article compares two approaches to the problem of the origin of moral norms – computational and processual. The first one is critically analyzed by the example of I.F. Mikhailov’s computational interpretation of morality and corre­sponding analysis of the origin of moral norms. The second one is demonstrated by analyzing the stages of the formation of the Golden Rule by the means of a method of rudimentary normative content conceptual explication. The au­thor argues that any nomogenetic consideration in ethics, assumes a certain con­cept of morality, its nature, and the content of the norms under study as its methodological basis. This is often overlooked in particular scientific studies of morality, with the result that moral scientists are unwittingly constrained by mundane or “folk” ideas of morality and are unable to trace the specificity of moral phenomena in comparison to phenomena that are similar in generic characteristics but different in specific (for example, the peculiarity of moral norms compared with legal, administrative, or norms of courtesy and public de­cency). The normative structure of modern morality is heterogeneous: along with the norms formed spontaneously, in the process of long-term cultural and histori­cal development, there are norms formulated projectively for the needs relevant to particular practices (such are the norms of professional, corporate, organiza­tional ethics), hence the processes of formation of natural and artificial norms are fundamentally different, which one should take into account when approaching to theoretical reconstruction of nomogenesis in morality.